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Welcome to my Website about Concrete. If you feel that you can ad any important info to this timeline please do so. This Timeline was downloaded from the Internet. I hope that it will develop with time using your input. Contact me
12,000 BC |
Reactions between limestone and oil shale during spontaneous combustion occurred in Israel to form a natural deposit of cementcompounds. | |
6500 BC |
A
form of concrete dating to 6500 B.C. has been discovered recently by
archaeologists in Syria. Image is "One of the dead towns in northern Syria." |
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3000 BC |
Egyptians used mud mixed with straw to bind dried bricks. Also furthered the discovery of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent for building the Pyramids | |
3000 BC |
Chinese used cementitious materials to hold bamboo together in their boats and in the Great Wall. The Chinese used concrete in Gansu Province in northwest china. "It was greenish-black in color, it was used for floorsand contained a cement mixed with sand, broken pottery, bones and water." | |
600 BC |
In 600 B.C., "The Greeks discovered a natural pozzolan onSantorini Island that developed hydraulic properties when mixed with lime. This made it possible to produe concrete that would harden under water, as well as in the air." | |
300 BC |
Romans used slaked lime a volcanic ash called pozzuolana, found near Pozzouli by the bay of Naples. They used lime as a cementitious material. Pliny reported a mortar mixture of 1 part lime to 4 parts sand. Vitruvius reported a 2 parts pozzolana to 1 part lime. Animal fat, milk, and blood were used as admixtures | |
193 BC |
Porticus Aemelia made of bound stones to form concrete | |
80 AD |
Roman Army engineers built Aqueducts to serve many of the major cities of the empire. Shown here is a part of the original 56 mile aqueduct between Eiffel and Cologne built by the Romans in 80 AD. The inside measurements of this section are 44 inches high and 30 inches wide, with approximately 15-inch walls.See | |
200 AD |
The Pantheon | |
After 400 AD |
The art of Concrete was lost after the fall of the Roman Empire | |
1678 |
Joseph Moxon wrote about a hidden fire in heated lime
that appears upon the addition of water. |
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1756 |
John Smeaton, British Engineer, rediscovered hydraulic cement through repeated testing of mortar in both fresh and salt water. He discovered that cement would harden under water if it was produced from limestone that contained a large amount of clay. Smeaton "made a real break-through when he combined burnt Aberthaw blue lias, a limestone from South Wales, and an Italian pozzolanfrom Civitavecchia. With this combination Smeaton produced the first high-qulaity cement since the fall of the Roman Empire." | |
1774 |
John Smeaton used his knowledge to build the first concrete structure since the ancient Romans. | |
1779 |
Bry Higgins was issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for exterior plastering use. | |
1796 |
James Parker from England patented a natural hydraulic cement by calcining nodules of impure limestone containing clay, called Parker's Cement or Roman Cement. | |
1812 -1813 |
Louis Vicat of France prepared artificial hydraulic lime by calcining synthetic mixtures of limestone and clay. | |
1818 |
Maurice St. Leger was issued patents for hydraulic cement. | |
1818 |
Canvass White, American Engineer, found rock deposits in Madison, County, New York, that made hydraulic cement with little processing | |
1820-1 821 |
John Tickell and Abraham Chambers were issued more hydraulic cement patents. | |
1822 |
James Frost of England prepared artificial hydraulic lime like Vicat's and called it British Cement. | |
1824 |
Joseph Aspdin, bricklayer and mason in Leeds, England, patented what he called portland cement, since it resembled the stone quarried on the Isle of Portland off the British coast. Aspdin's method in producing portland cement involved burning a mixture of crushed limestone and clay into clinker, then pulverizing it into powdered cement. | |
1825 |
Erie Canal created the first great demand for cement in the US. The construction used cement made from "hydraulic lime" found in New York'sMadison, Cayuga, and Onondaga countries. | |
1828 |
I. K. Brunel is credited with the first engineering application of portland cement, which was used to fill a breach in the Thames Tunnel. | |
1850s |
Jean-Louis Lambot was the first to use reinforcing in concrete. He constructed several small rowboats of concrete, which he reinforced with iron bars and wire mesh. | |
1854 |
William B. Wilkinson, an English plasterer, erected a small reinforced concrete two-story servant's cottage. He reinforced the concrete floor and roof with iron bars and wire rope. This is credited as the first reinforced concrete building. | |
1859-1 867 |
Portland cement used in the construction of the London sewer system | |
1867 |
Joseph Monier, a French gardener, patented a design for reinforced garden tubs, and later patented reinforced concret beams and posts for railway and road guardrails. | |
1868 |
The fist recorded shipment of portland cement to the US | |
1850-1 880 |
Francois Coignet, a builder in France, responsible for the first widespread use of concrete in buildings | |
1871 |
David O. Saylor established the first portland-cement plant in the US in Coplay, PA | |
1871-1 875 |
William E. Ward builds the first landmark building in
reinforced concrete in Port Chester,NY. Designed by Architect Robert Mook
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1883 |
Ward delivered a paper on the house to the Society of Mechanical Engineers. | |
1884 |
Earnest L. Ransom patented a reinforcing system using twisted rods. | |
1885 |
F. Ransome patented a slightly tilted horizontal kiln which could be rotated so the material moved gradually form one end to the other | |
1887 |
Henri Le Chatelier of France established oxide ratios to prepare the proper amount of lime to produce portland cement. He named the components: Alite (tricalcium silicate), Belite (dicalcium silicate), and Celite (tetracalcium aluminoferrite). He proposed that hardening is caused by the formation of crystalline products of the reaction between cement and water. | |
1889 |
Gyozo Mihailich designed the first reinforced concrete arch bridge. The bridge consisting of two spans of 5 m each, was built in the village of Solt, Hungary. | |
1891 |
George Bartholomew placed the first concrete street in the USA in Bellefontaine, OH. which still exists. | |
1892 |
Francois Hennebique patented a reinforced concrete building
system used in the home at right. Note the two intersecting cantilevers carry weight of
200 ton tower. Hennebique was responsible for
the widespread acceptance of reinforced concrete. |
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1901 |
Arthur Henry Symons designed a column clamp to be used with job-built concrete forms. | |
1902 |
Thomas Edison was a pioneer in the further development
of the rotary kiln. |
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1902 |
August Perret designs and builds an apartment building in Paris that use what he called "the Trabeated system of reinforced concrete." It was studied and used often causing it to influence architecture and concrete construction for decades. | |
1903 |
August Perret makes concrete an acceptable
architectural material Perret builds 25 bis Rue Franklin and the Theatre Champs Elysee |
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1904 |
Ingalls bldg. using the Ransome system, was the first concrete skyscraper. | |
1916 |
Portland Cement Association founded in 1916. | |
1917 |
The US Bureau of Standards and the American Society for testing Materials established a standard formula for portland cement | |
1919 |
Meis van der Rohe proposes concrete high-rises | |
1922 |
230 ft. Medical Arts bldg. built in Dallas The tallest concrete building to date. | |
1922 |
Notre Dame du Raincy | |
1927 |
Eugene Freyssinet develops successful pre-stressed concrete | |
1930 |
Eduardo Torroja, designed the first thin shelled roof at Algeciras | |
1935 |
Eduardo Torroja, designed the Madrid Hippodrome. | |
1936 |
The first major concrete dams, Hoover Dam and Grand Coulee Dam, were built. | |
1935 |
Pier Luigi Nervi built the hangers for the Italian Air Force using thin shell construction | |
1931 |
Le Corbusier builds Villa Savoye | |
1936 |
Frank Lloyd Wright was the one of the first to exploit the cantilever at Fallingwater. | |
1936 |
The first major concrete dams, Hoover Dam and Grand Coulee Dam, were built. The horizontal arch design of Hoover Dam is the reason for its strength. The immense force of Lake Mead's waters wedge the dam into the mountain creating a very strong structure. | |
1940s |
Portland Cement Laboratories perfect air-entrained concrete | |
1947 |
FLLW builds on Meis' ideas at the Johnson wax tower |
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1956 |
FLLW builds the Guggenheim made of reinforced concrete | |
1957 |
Le Corbusier builds Ronchamp | |
1958 |
Felix Candela, master of the concrete shell, builds the restaurant at Xochimilco | |
1958 |
Executive House Hotel, Chicago, exceeds the Medical Arts record at 371 ft. | |
1959 |
Le Corbusier builds La Tourette | |
1959-1 963 |
Construction of the Sydney Opera House. Stage 1- Foundations and base to the podium level. | |
1960 |
Bank of Georgia Building in Atlanta beats Executive House at 391 ft. | |
1961 |
Le Corbusier builds the government complex at Chandigara India | |
1962 |
Bertrand Goldberg's twin towers at Marina City marked
the beginning of the use of reinforced concrete in modern skyscrapers and set the height record to 588 ft. |
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1963-1 967 |
Construction of the Sydney Opera House. Stage 2 - Construction of the Roof Vaults. | |
1964 |
1000 Lake Shore Drive beats Marina City at 640 ft. 6000 psi concrete in the lower columns was used for the first time. | |
1964 |
Place Victoria in Montreal, ht 624 ft. using 6000psi concrete columns | |
1967-1 973 |
Completion of the Sydney Opera House. Stage 3 - Glass walls, interiors, promenade and approaches. | |
1967 |
First concrete domed sport structure, the Assembly Hall, was constructed at The University of Illinois, at Urbana-Champaign. | |
1968 |
Lake Point Towers, 70 stories, 645 ft. 7500 psi concrete | |
1970 |
One Shell Plaza, Houston, ht 714 ft., using 6000 psi concrete | |
1970s |
Fiber reinforcement in concrete was introduced. | |
1973 |
The dramatic roof line of the Sydney Opra house is an enduring image of Sydney, Australia. The multiple performance areas within the concrete peaks are reknowned for their exquisite acoustic qualities. | |
1975 |
Water Tower Place, 859 ft., 9000psi conc. using superplasticizers | |
1985 |
Peak shipment of portland cement to the US increased to nearly 3 million barrels | |
1985 |
The "highest strength" concrete was used in building the Union Plaza constructed in Seattle, Washington. | |
1989 |
Scotia Plaza Building, Toronto, 907 ft. | |
1990 |
311S Wacker and Two Prudential Plaza in Chicago sets new height record at 920 ft. | |
1996 |
Petronas Twin Towers, Kuala Lampur, Malasia, 1476 ft. Visit the Petronas Web Site. | |
| 2009 ? | China's Three Gorges Dam |
| Travelnow.Com |
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