• Introduction



• Caution: Outrageous Claims = Data not erased !
  
  
• So, How do you Permanently Erase a Hard Drive?
  
• How Long will this take?
  
• Darik's Boot and Nuke Diskette
  
• Misuse of the Term "Low-level Format"
  


• Other Reasons for wiping a Hard Drive
  
  
• Notes on Data Recovery worries
  
• and Floppy Diskettes
  

Introduction

NOTE: This page is mainly for the average consumer who keeps a great deal of personal and financial data on computer hard disks, and after obtaining a new computer or just a larger drive (and copying data to it) wants to sell or give away an old disk (or whole computer) and never have to worry about someone finding any of his old data.
[ But, see HERE for reasons why wiping your hard disk before installing an operating system is a good idea. ]

For executives concerned about company secrets on a large number of disks in old computers that must be sold for their remaining assets, your company's IT Dept. should have a recommended security procedure ( most likely using a costly security program to wipe the disks ). But, we believe simply 'zeroing-out' a drive is more than adequate. For example, say a competitor was able to buy every one of your old machines (and assuming, of course, that your IT Dept. employees follow the proper procedures for doing at least a one-pass 'wipe' of each drive), without knowing which drive contained any valuable data (or even if any of them ever did), we highly doubt anyone could justify the TIME and COST to employ an experienced Electron Microscope operator in a Data Lab to hunt down bit by bit whatever tiny amount of info they MIGHT find; with no assurances that ANYTHING ( let alone something of value ) could ever be recovered!

If you need to know how to delete data from a computer used in a Military, Government or Defense contractor's office, there are proscribed procedures for doing so! Personally, from the information I have read about such procedures, I consider them to be ridiculous in their extreme measures; hostile forces will always look for the 'weakest link' in obtaining desired information, and I think it's still easier and quicker to obtain it from communications and vulnerable human sources than any adequately overwritten hard disk. We believe that all Departments of the US GOVernment have orders that any media containing info classified as TOP SECRET, must be PHYSICALLY DESTROYED, so there isn't even an issue involving erasure in that case!

If you're a Billionaire (that keeps very sensitive data on hard disks), I doubt that you'd ever NEED to resell your hard disks. You will, of course, have many 'simultaneous' [RAID array] backup disks full of your data, and most likely you'd use them until they 'died,' then have a TRUSTED and knowledgeable employee DESTROY those disks as you certainly would any floppy disk that failed. [ If you'd like to hire me, I'm very honest! ]

For the Average Consumer who wants to get some money back for an old system (including the hard disk), you need to make sure every byte has been overwritten at least, once.

Caution: Outrageous Claims!

First, Keep this in mind:

Be cautious of any statement using the words "quick" and "permanently" regarding Data Erasure from Hard Disks!

There will most likely always be a widespread misuse of the terms: 'Wipe,' 'Erase,' 'Delete,' 'Destroy' and even the word 'Permanent.'   However, when someone describes a particular software program or technique using such terms as these, you should pay very close attention to what is really meant; especially if you are trying to make sure that NO ONE will ever be able to retrieve ANY DATA AT ALL from your old disk drive(s)!

Here are a few statements I've seen that use such terminology, and why you need to be sure about what they really mean:

WARNING: Because all data on your hard disk will be
destroyed by this procedure, you must back up your hard
disk before using this Debug script.
— Microsoft Knowledge Base Article - 106419

Want to WIPE a drive? .... "WARNING: Delpart is the easiest and most complete way to erase a drive. It warns you once and only once about what it will do, so be careful! Use it only on a drive you want to completely erase, as you will not be able to recover any data that was on the drive prior to running delpart." — Let's say Anonymous

Another site states: "Use Delpart to 'wipe clean' a hard drive." This seems clear enough, right? WRONG! The ONLY thing that DELPart does is to remove a maximum of just 64 bytes of information from each hard disk's Partition Table in the Master Boot Record (MBR) and possibly in each Extended Boot Record (EBR). Well...
If you gave me a drive that only Delpart had been used on, in about 10 minutes or less I could recover all of your computer's data using a single software tool !

Even a company such as Power Quest in their old Partition Magic 4.0 program, made use of phrases such as: " WARNING: Deleting a partition will DESTROY any existing data" or even this one: "The DELETE operation deletes a partition and destroys all its data"; which certainly seems to imply that it does more than just remove partition information from the drive! But, once again, these were nothing more than poorly worded statements trying to stress that the average home user would most likely not have been able to fix such a mistake, whereas, a person who is familiar with data recovery techniques could very easily do so!

So, How Do You Permanently Erase Data from a Hard Disk ?

First you need to realize that only by changing the contents of EVERY BYTE on a disk to a random, zero, or some other value, can you be assured that none of your data can be read again *.  When you change all the bytes on a disk to a ZERO byte, it's commonly called 'zero-filling', 'zeroing-out' or 'initializing' a drive; it should not be called a low-level format (though we've seen that term being used incorrectly, to describe this initialization process).

   So what programs can be used to do this?! The best type of program (and often FREE) for what's called a SINGLE PASS ZERO-OUT is the same one some drive manufacturers ask you to run before allowing you to return a drive under warranty! For example, Western Digital®'s new DLG DIAG (included with their Data Lifeguard Tools packages or available separately) will easily zero-fill every byte on a WD drive; just run dlgdiag.exe and choose “Write Zeros to the drive.” We've also used a similar program ( Maxtor® ) to zero-out their drives. You must obtain this type of program from the manufacturer of your particular drive, since they're almost always limited to working only on their own drives!
   However, many of these diagnostic program will still give you some valuable info about other manufacturer's drives: For example, there's a nice DOS utility that will identify the Model, S/N and drive capacity of any HDD it finds on your system. It's from Hitachi (Global Storage Technologies) and it's called: "Drive Fitness Test (DFT)" http://www.hgst.com/hdd/support/download.htm . It's made for IBM® and Hitachi drives, so will zero-out bytes from its “Utilities” menu for those drives only! If you know how to make a floppy disk from just an image file (such as WinImage or by using the Linux 'dd' program), all you need is the 1440 KiB dft_v407.img image file. Otherwise, get the Windows floppy disk creator version (dft32_v407.exe) that makes its own boot/DFT floppy disk for you.

There's a nice collection of links to many Drive Manufacturing sites with some type of drive utility program here: http://tacktech.com/display.cfm?ttid=287.

      If your drive has a capacity under about 8.4 GB, you can use a program I compiled and tested on my own 6.4 GB drive: WIPE8.zip. It does not have the ability to easily test the bytes on your drive though; manufacturer's programs use special software functions their drives respond to directly, whereas WIPE8 (and other simple wiping tools) only use INT 13 calls to software routines in the BIOS code.

      However, I've recently found a FREE program with open source code at the SourceForge site called Darik's Boot and Nuke (dban) which is a self-contained 1440 KiB boot disk that will wipe any drive! It has many options too; the simplest way to use it is to boot up with the disk, press the ENTER key at the "Boot: prompt" and then use its Interactive Menu. But you must exercise caution with this disk: It's easy to set it up to automatically wipe every drive on your computer! This is the same exact program that's now bundled with Eraser, since that program was never designed to do drive wiping. At the bottom of the dban web page, you'll find links to a list of "Similar Products" (all commercial). DBAN also creates and saves an interesting logfile of its operations at the end of a run.

NOTE: If you use Linux or have access to a Linux boot disk with the "DD" program on it, it's fairly easy to execute a command that will 'zero-out' a drive.

Here's an example of how one would zero-out a 1440 KiB floppy diskette in the first floppy drive:

where the Bs tells it to use 512-bytes per sector and write zero bytes to 2,880 sequential sectors on the diskette in drive 'fd0'. Anyone who's skilled in the use of Linux scripts could easily create a program for the unattended overwriting of a drive many times with different values; and maybe even throw in a random number generator as the 'if' (input file) device for good measure. [ If you're interested in learning more about Linux, see my Intro. to Linux Console Commands using 'tomsrtbt' Boot Disk here. ]
NOTE: This has already been accomplished!!! See my comments on the DBAN program above; it uses a Linux kernel inside a RAM drive to carry out its drive-wiping tasks!

Why else would you want to Wipe a Drive?

There are at least two other reasons (apart from security) for initializing (zero-filling) a drive:

1) When you first obtain a hard disk, you may wish to test every byte on the drive using a “zero-out and test” program from the drive's manufacturer. Most OEM drives (non-boxed; often a short store warranty only) do not undergo the same testing as fully-warranted products.

2) Whenever you decide to "start all over again" and reformat a drive, it's a very good idea to make sure there are no left over partition data structures (EBRs) just in case you need to run a data recovery program at some time in the future. If you've never had any Extended Partitions on the drive, you can forget about this. Problems for data recovery occur only when there are EBR sectors and Boot Records that were never deleted (zeroed-out) before a new Extended partition (with one or more logical drives) was created. Then if you try to get your data back after accidentally deleting a partition or the MBR, you (or a recovery program) might have a difficult time deciding which EBR sectors were used last! By 'zeroing-out' a disk that has had many Extended partitions created on it, you ensure data recovery programs will see ONLY the correct size of the partitions you are about to create.

The Starman.


_______________________
* Data Recovery experts seem to have a different opinion than those working in, let's call it theoretical research, of what constitutes an 'adequate overwriting' of a hard disk to keep any previous data from ever being recovered. If you have the time and money to purchase and use a guaranteed secure wiping program, go ahead and do so; especially if you plan on reselling MANY lots of HDDs that have valuable data on them. However, for most individuals, I don't see any reason to use more than a single-pass overwrite as explained on this page.

If you want to read about the details regarding Data Erasure and Security, you could start with the old and "oft quoted" reference to Peter Gutmann's paper*. This is a somewhat technical paper, but it also appears to have been too theoretical even at the time it was written, and is now (2006) very 'out-of-date' concerning any viable threat to your security! For example, the TPI (tracks per inch) value that he called "state of the art" for a disk's track density is at least 10 (even more!) times LESS than what is actually being used today. For a recent review of Gutmann's paper, see: Can Intelligence Agencies Read Overwritten Data? by Daniel Feenberg. For those who wish to truly understand just how very complex modern hard disk drives are (including how magnetic data stored on their platters is thoroughly encoded by drive electronics), you should study (it may take you quite some time to work thorugh it) Charles Sobey's white paper: Recovering Unrecoverable Data (Note: this title concerns data that's at risk because a drive has physical damage; not data that was purposely overwritten!). It's purpose is to describe the procedures and limitations of good Data Recovery labs.
[*Secure Deletion of Data from Magnetic and Solid-State Memory - Read at least sections 1 thru 3 and conclusion.] NOTE: Prof. Gutmann added an Epilogue to his original paper (some time later) in which he commented that people treated his research “more as a kind of voodoo incantation to banish evil spirits than the result of a technical analysis of drive encoding techniques.” ( Please read his comments in full here. I think he probably shakes his head a bit every time he sees the phrase 'the Gutmann method,' since most people never applied his work correctly. ) In a reply to an e-mail we sent Prof. Gutmann about advances in hard disk technology, he stated:

We take this to mean even Prof. Gutmann reluctantly stated the obvious about modern high density hard disks: You really don't need to worry about anyone trying to use electron microscopy to find data from hard disks you discard today! However, if you're the kind of person who cherishes their paranoia(!), you can still find programs on the Net such as: Sami Tolvanen's Eraser which overwrites files up to 35 full passes! Maybe if you especially hate a particular file this could give you some sort of satisfaction too? But, in order to completely overwrite a whole drive (Sami's program will not 'clean out' your Virtual Memory Swap Files!), you need to use the "dban" diskette that now comes with it! Eraser is mainly for eliminating certain files; not for 'wiping' the whole disk. Since traces of what's been in a file (if not the whole file) can often be found in download caches, SWAP files and other cache locations as well, you need to make sure you know what you're doing; especially if you're trying to erase an encrypted message full of company secrets! For example: Did the 'plain text' of the message get left anywhere else on the drive? Note: Perhaps you should encrypt all of your sensitive data on a disk drive first, then 'wipe' the drive afterwards! Sounds like a good method to me.

Personally, I'm not at all concerned about anything I 'zero-out' on a hard disk ever being seen by someone else again. If you think that any local law enforcement or government agency is going to attempt to find data on a drive with ALL zeros by taking a very long time and spending more money than they can really afford with no assurance whatsoever of finding anything(!), then you're living in a dream world that's already beyond all the fictional elements in TV shows like CSI and other such scientific forensic evidence dramas. It's much easier for criminals, terrorists and government agencies to obtain data about you using many other means!

I remember one TV drama where a tech told a D.A. that he couldn't find anything incriminating on a guy's HDD because he used a scrubber  to clean out all of his cache files, etc. Then the tech added something like: “If you gave me $50,000.00 to hire a lab with an electron microscope and skilled technicians, maybe I could come up with a few more words here or there in 6 months time.”  [We used to say here:  "that's a fairly real attitude of most organizations that deal with evidence on HDDs," but now (2006) we think even that statement has become fiction!] Do YOU as an average home user think you need to take even more precautions than a enemy spies?   Do YOU really need to worry about the CIA or a foreign government being interested enough in YOUR hard drive to expend all the necessary resources in an ATTEMPT to find only a tiny (if even that!) amount of its contents!? Get real.

Floppy disks, though, are something that ALL the experts agree on:

The data tracks are so wide and the drives so 'forgiving' that an overwritten floppy could possibly be recovered using only a sophisticated software program to adjust the placement of the heads and hunt for alternate data on either side of the last overwrite. It takes so much TIME to adequately 'wipe' a floppy (with MANY passes), that the easiest way to dispose of one with a number of 'bad sectors' is to just crack it open and shred into tiny pieces the flexible disk media that's inside ( it looks similar to the material used for audio tape)!



Last Update: June 22, 2006.

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