Results of literature search on condition known as

Incarcerated Uterus

Literature search terms: (incarcerated OR incarceration OR retroverted OR retroversion OR retroflexed OR retropositioned OR retroposition OR retrodeviation OR retrodeviated OR retroposed OR retroflected OR sacculation OR sacculated OR tipped) AND (uterus OR uterine OR uteri)

Excerpts from literature:

Cunningham FC. MacDonald PC. Gant NF. Leveno KJ. Gilstrap LC. William's Obstetrics 20th ed. Norwalk, CT. Appleton & Lange. p 646-7, 1997

"Retroversion of the uterus is occasionally encountered during the first trimester, occurring in about 11 percent of women."

"Most authorities no longer regard the retroverted uterus per se to be a pathological finding. Thus, it needs no treatment during pregnancy, except in the rare circumstance in which the growing retroverted uterus does not rise out of the pelvis by the end of the first trimester, but rather remains incarcerated in the hollow of the sacrum."

Danforth WC. Galloway CE. Retrodisplacement of uterus during pregnancy and puerperium; analysis of 1000 cases. Journal of the American Medical Association. 87:826, 1926

"Women with a retroverted uterus should be evaluated frequently early in the second trimester, to make sure that the uterus is not incarcerated."

"In all cases in which a retrodisplacement was found, subsequent examinations have been made, in order that we might know whether the uterus had spontaneously corrected its position and risen above the promotory. It is extremely important that one should know this, as incarceration of the uterus below the promotory must inevitably lead to abortion or to serious discomfort or possibly danger to the prospective mother."

"Retrodisplacement during pregnancy, provided an intelligent vigilance is exercised, need cause little trouble."

William Hunter, Medical Observations and Inquiries, vol. 4, 1771, p. 400. Reprinted in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, May 1, 1978; p. 95.

" ....it happens frequently, and yet that a number of practitioners know of little of it; so little indeed, that, as you well know, in this town, within these two years last past, two pregnant women lost their lives by this accident, without the cause of their complaints being discovered till after death...in both of these instances, experienced practitioners failed; and saw with regret in the dead body, what they might have easily cured in the living, if they had made a very obvious discovery in proper time.

...must we not presume that every woman is in danger, who has a retroverted uterus?"

Obstetrics and Gynecology, 9th edition, 1991, Willson, Carrington et al, p. 303.

"Manual replacement is indicated early in pregnancy if symptoms arise or after the twelfth week if spontaneous correction has not taken place."

Gibbons et al, Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 33, no 6, June 1969, p. 842.

"Our study essentially confirms the classically quoted frequency of about 1 in 3000 pregnancies."

"The key to successful management of incarceration is early recognition."

"It is suggested therefore that all patients with a retrodisplaced uterus presenting during the first trimester of pregnancy be examined again during the twelfth or thirteenth week. If retroversion still persists, the uterus should be repositioned and supported by a pessary."

"The retrodisplaced uterus during early pregnancy is almost invariably innocuous, but in about 1 in 3000 pregnancies such an organ will become incarcerated in the pelvis, resulting in considerable maternal morbidity and frequent fetal mortality."

Swartz et al, The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, vol. 19, no 5, November 1977, p. 262.

"Early recognition and correction of the incarcerated gravid uterus are necessary for prevention of complications. A patient with a retroflexed gravid uterus should be followed carefully in early gestation. If at the end of 12 weeks, the uterus has not risen out of the pelvis, consideration should be given to repositioning it to a normal position and supporting it in place with a pessary."

"Once the uterus is incarcerated, replacement to normal position may be difficult and dangerous."

Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5th ed., 1986, p. 562.

"Although retrodisplacement of the uterus has been implicated in spontaneous abortion, there is no clear evidence of a causal relationship, except in neglected cases of incarceration."

Edminster et al, Annals of Emergency Medicine, August 1987, p. 910.

"The key to successful outcome is early recognition."

Smalbraak et al, European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1991, 19: p. 151.

"Before the 14th week of gestation retroversion is encountered in approximately 11% of women. Usually, spontaneous correction of the uterus to the anterior position does occur between 12 and 16 weeks, but in 1.4% (1 in 70) of those cases this does not occur. The retroverted uterus subsequently becomes impacted in the pelvic cavity."

Lettieri L, Rodis JF, McLean DA, Campbell WA, Vintzileos AM, Incarceration of the gravid uterus. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. 49(9):642-6, 1994 Sep

"Such patients have a history of a known retroverted, retroflexed uterus. A repeat pelvic examination should be performed at 14 weeks of gestation to ensure that the uterus has indeed ascended into the abdominal cavity."

"Early recognition of an incarcerated uterus is the cornerstone of successful management."

Doring, Fortschr Med, September 1978, 96(33):1660-2 (German)

"Because of our good results, we make a plea for expectant managment of retroflexion of the pregnant uterus. Regular control examinations are necessary so that the lack of spontaneous anteflexion is not overlooked."

Jackson D, Obstetrics & Gynecology, March 1988, vol. 71, p. 466

"The highest success in avoiding fetal wastage and maternal operation is found with early detection and manual replacement before 15 weeks gestation."

"The absence of symtoms, as demonstrated by this case, does not exclude persistent gestational retroversion."

Percival R, Holland and Brews Manual of Obstetrics, 14th edition, 1980, p. 247

"In rare instances no urgent symptoms occur at all even at the critical period - the end of the third month - and the uterus continues its development in its abnormal position, giving rise to the condition known as anterior sacculation. This has been known to persist until term. More commonly abortion takes place if the displacement remains uncorrected."

Gant NF. Cunningham FG. Basic Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1995, p 375 - chapter 48

"Persistent retroflexion of the pregnant uterus is incompatible with advanced pregnancy. If spontaneous or artifical reposistion does not occur, the patient either aborts or develops symptoms caused by incarceration of the uterus before the end of the forth month. In exceptional instances, however, pregnancy may proceed, resulting in uterine sacculation. Spontaneous delivery is impossible, and rupture of the uterus may occur."

Gant NF. Cunningham FG. Basic Gynecology and Obstetrics, 1995, p 258 - chapter 34

"By twelve weeks of gestation, the uterus usually can be felt through the abdominal wall just above the symphysis pubis, as a tumor, therafter, the uterus gradually increases in size to the end of the pregnancy"

Plauche WC, Surgical Obstetrics, 1992, chapter 10 p 187

"The highest success is acheived by manual replacement before 16 weeks gestation."

Buchsbaum HJ, Schimidt JD, Gynecologic and Obstetric Urology, 2nd ed, 1982, chapter 33 p 501

"A retroflexed and retroverted uterus can become incarcerated in the true pelvis and in the third month of gestation markedly displace the bladder anteriorly."

Thomson JD, Malpositions of the Uterus, in Operative Gynecology, 7th ed, p. 819

"Sometimes retrodisplacement resulted in incarceration, abortion, and secondary infection and caused death. Death also resulted from fatal injuries during forceful attempts at displacement."

"In the rare case in which the uterus remains incarcerated in the pelvis as pregnancy advances, careful and frequent observation of the patient is essential to prevent fixation and sacculation of the pregnant uterus. Rarely, a pelvic examination under anesthesia or laparotomy may be required to release the incarcerated uterus from the cul-de-sac and avoid complications of abortion, premature delivery, fetal death in utero, fetal malformation, or uterine rupture."

Pope CS, O'Grady JP, Hoffman D Malposition of the Uterus http://www.emedicine.com  June, 2002

"Uterine retroversion with incarceration is an infrequent but by no means rare obstetrical condition"

Renaud MC, Asymptomatic Uterine Incarceration at Term. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 88:721, October, 1996

"In presenting this case, we want others to learn from our mistakes, which might have been catastrophic for our patient."

Staub AJ, Dallas, TX June 2, 1995

"I can't remember specifically learning about incarcerated uterus."

click here for more details on Dr. Jay Staub

Listing of articles:

  1. Pope CS, O'Grady JP, Hoffman D Malposition of the Uterus http://www.emedicine.com, 2002 Jun 
  2. Love JN, Howell JM, Urinary retention resulting from incarceration of a retroverted, gravid uterus. J of Emergency Medicine. 2000 Nov, 19:4
  3. Li YT, Tsui MS, Yin CS, Lin HM, Chan CC , Asymptomatic uterine incarceration at term gestation: a case report. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2000 Feb;26(1):31-3
  4. Seubert DE, Puder KS, Goldmeier P,Gonik B. Colonoscopic Release of the Incarcerated Gravid Uterus. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1999 Nov; 94(5) : 792-4
  5. Jacobsson B, Wide-Swensson D Incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus--a review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999 Sep;78(8):665-8
  6. Jacobsson B, Wide-Swensson D Recurrent incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus--a case report. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1999 Sep;78(8):737
  7.  O'Connell MP,  Ivory CM, Hunter RW, Incarcerated retroverted uterus- a non recurring complication of pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 1999 Jan;19(1) 792
  8. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Section 18, Chapter 237  Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
  9. Feusner AH, Mueller PD Incarceration of a gravid fibroid uterus. Ann Emerg Med 1997 Dec;30(6):821-824
  10. Hirsch E. Anterior uterine incarceration. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 57:195 1997 May
  11. Patterson E. Herd AM. Incarceration of the uterus in pregnancy. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 15:49 1997 Jan
  12. Cunningham FC. MacDonald PC. Gant NF. Leveno KJ. Gilstrap LC. William's Obstetrics 20th ed. Norwalk, CT. Appleton & Lange. p 646-7, 1997
  13. Renaud MC. Bazin S. Blanchet P. Asymptomatic Uterine Incarceration at Term. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 88:721, 1996 Oct
  14. Carlson KJ. Eisenstat TZ. Ziporyn TD. The Harvard Guide to Women's Health. Cambridge MA. Harvard Press. p 531-2 1996
  15. Eisenberg A. Murkoff HE. Hathaway SE. What to Expect When You're Expecting. 2nd ed. New York. Workman Publishing. p 133 1996
  16. Adu SA. Uterine sacculation: myth, reality or rarity--a case report. Central African Journal Medicine 42: 211 1996
  17. Myers DL. Scotti RJ. Acute urinary retention and the incarcerated, retroverted, gravid uterus. A case report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 40:487-90, 1995 Jun
  18. Weinberger MW. Julian TM. Voiding dysfunction and incontinence caused by uterine retroversion. A case report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 40:387-90, 1995 May
  19. Hanaoka J. Tokunaga A. Takeuchi Y. Yanase T. Arakawa M. Takayanagi T. [Incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus with uterine myoma--a case report]. [Japanese] Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi - Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica. 47(3):287-9, 1995 Mar
  20. Hankins GD. Clark SL. Cunningham FG. Gilstrap LC. Operative Obstetrics. East Norwalk, CT. Appleton & Lange. p 414, 1995
  21. Emery D. Nolan R. Ultrasonography of an incarcerated uterus during pregnancy. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal. 45(5):397-398, 1994 Oct
  22. Lettieri L. Rodis JF. McLean DA. Campbell WA. Vintzileos AM. Incarceration of the gravid uterus. Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey. 49(9):642-6, 1994 Sep
  23. Sherer DM. Smith SA. Sanko SR. Uterine sacculation sonographically mimicking an abdominal pregnancy at 20 weeks' gestation. American Journal of Perinatology. 11(5):350-2, 1994 Sep
  24. Wittich AC. Polzin WJ. Incarceration of the gravid uterus due to an impacted leiomyoma: a case report. Military Medicine. 159(8):583-4, 1994 Aug
  25. Nwosu UC. Thatcher S. Pregnancy in a non-communicating uterine horn mimicking incarceration with sacculation of a retroflexed uterus. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 72(7):580-2, 1993 Oct
  26. Hill LM. Chenevey P. DiNofrio D. Sonographic documentation of uterine retroversion mimicking uterine sacculation. American Journal of Perinatology. 10(5):398-400, 1993 Sep
  27. Sacco F. Rigon G. Castaldo F. Carbone A. Sacchini D. Sacco R. [Acute urinary obstruction in pregnancy]. [Italian]. Minerva Ginecologica. 45(3):101-4, 1993 Mar
  28. Gunn AP. Incarcerated gravid uterus mimicking placenta praevia. Australasian Radiology. 37(1):93-4, 1993 Feb
  29. Tiser H. [Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder due to incarceration by the pregnant uterus]. [Czech] Ceskoslovenska Gynekologie. 58(1):20-1, 1993 Feb
  30. Cunningham FC. MacDonald PC. Gant NF. Leveno KJ. Gilstrap LC. William's Obstetrics/19th ed. Norwalk, CT. Appleton & Lange. p 631-2, 1993
  31. Gilstrap LC. Brekken A. Cunningham FG. Study guide for William's Obstetrics 19th ed. Norwalk, CT. Appleton & Lange. q 22-4 1993
  32. Gant NF. Cunningham FC. Basic Gynecology and Obstetrics. Norwalk, CT. Appleton & Lange. p 374, 1993
  33. Laird E. Incarceration of a bicornuate retroverted gravid uterus presenting with bilateral uretric obstruction [letter; comment]. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 99(11):937, 1992 Nov
  34. Keating PJ. Walton SM. Maouris P. Incarceration of a bicornuate retroverted gravid uterus presenting with bilateral ureteric obstruction [see comments]. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 99(4):345-7, 1992 Apr
  35. Thompson JD. Rock JA. Te Linde's Operative Gynecology /7th ed. Philadelphia, PA. Lippincott. 819-822, 1992
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  37. Nyberg D. Transvaginal Ultrasound. St. Louis MO. Mosby p 22 & 31, 1992
  38. Van Winter JT. Ogburn PL. Ney JA. Hetzel DJ. Uterine incarceration during the third trimester: a rare complication of pregnancy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 66(6):608-13, 1991 Jun
  39. Smalbraak I. Bleker OP. Schutte MF. Treffers PE. Incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus: a report of four cases. European Journal of Obstetrics. Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology. 39(2):151-5, 1991 Apr 16
  40. Willson JR. Carrington ER. Obstetrics & Gynecology/9th ed. St.Louis. Mosby Yearbook. p 303,514-5 1991
  41. Fleischer AC. Romero R. Manning FA. Jeanty P. James AE. The Principles and Practice of Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology/4th ed. Norwalk, CT Appleton & Lange. P 567-70 1991
  42. Lamki N. Athey P. Dunn G. Watson A. Transvaginal sonographic evaluation of the retrodisplaced uterus. Journal of the Canadian Association of Radiologists. 41:291-5, 1990 Oct
  43. Hankins GD. Cedars MI. Uterine incarceration associated with uterine leiomyomata: clinical and sonographic presentation. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound. 17(5):385-8, 1989 Jun
  44. Hess LW. Nolan TE. Martin RW. Martin JN Jr. Wiser WL. Morrison JC. Incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus: report of four patients managed with uterine reduction. [Review]. Southern Medical Journal. 82(3):310-2, 1989 Mar
  45. Cunningham FG. MacDonald PC. Gant NF. William's Obstetrics/18th ed. Norwalk, CT. Appleton & Lange. p 737-8, 1989
  46. Julian TM. William's Obstetrics, a Study Guide to the 18th ed. Norwalk, CT. Appleton & Lange, 1989
  47. McGann KP. Griffin WT. Recurrent classical sacculation of the pregnant uterus. Journal of Family Practice. 26(3):339-41, 1988 Mar
  48. Jackson D. Elliott JP. Pearson M. Asymptomatic uterine retroversion at 36 weeks' gestation. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 71(3 Pt 2):466-8, 1988 Mar
  49. Yuh WT. DeMarino GB. Ludwig WD. Sato Y. Weiner CP. MR imaging of pregnancy in bicornuate uterus. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 12(1):162-165 1988
  50. Callen PW. Ultrasonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology/ 2nd ed. Philadelphia PA. Saunders. p 395-6, 1988
  51. Meislin HW. Incarceration of the gravid uterus. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 16(10):1177-8, 1987 Oct
  52. Vleugels MP. Meuwissen JH. Confusing presentation in a retroflexed septate uterus at term. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Biology. 24(3):237-41, 1987 Mar
  53. Edminster SC. Raabe RD. Kates RB. The incarcerated gravid uterus. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 16(8):910-2, 1987 Aug
  54. Pernoll ML. Benson RC. Current Obstetric & Gynecologic Diagnosis & Treatment/6th ed. Norwalk, CT. Appleton & Lange. p 762-7, 1987
  55. Tindall VR. Jeffcoate's Principles of Gynaecology/5th ed. London. Butterworths. p 281, 1987
  56. Evans AJ. Anthony J. Masson GM. Incarceration of the retroverted gravid uterus at term. Case report. British Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 93(8):883-5, 1986 Aug
  57. Silva PD. Berberich W. Retroverted impacted gravid uterus with acute urinary retention: report of two cases and a review of the literature. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 68(1):121-3, 1986 Jul
  58. Friedman A. DeFazio J. DeCherney A. Severe obstetric complications after aggressive treatment of Asherman syndrome. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 67(6):864-7, 1986 Jun
  59. Nelson MS. Acute urinary retention secondary to an incarcerated gravid uterus. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 4(3):231-2, 1986 May
  60. Schwartz Z. Dgani R. Katz Z. Lancet M. Urinary retention caused by impaction of leiomyoma in pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 65(5):525-6, 1986
  61. Scott JR. Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology/5th ed. Philadelphia, PA. J.B. Lippincott. p 562-3, 1986
  62. Vogler JB. Helms CA. Callen PW. Normal Variants and Pitfalls in Imaging. Philadelphia, PA. WB Saunders. p 316, 1986
  63. Hansen JH. Asmussen M. Acute urinary retention in first trimester of pregnancy. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 64(3):279-80, 1985
  64. Dallay D. Chabrand S. Soumireu-Mourat J. Dubecq JP. Anterior sacculation of the pregnant uterus persisting until the 34th week. [French] Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Biologie de la Reproduction. 14(6):747-50, 1985
  65. Pritchard JA. MacDonald PC. Gant NF. William's Obstetrics/17th ed. Norwalk, CT. Appleton-Century- Crofts. p 499-500, 1985
  66. Beckmann CR. William's Obstetrics, a study guide to the 17th ed. Norwalk, CT. Appleton-Century-Crofts. 1985
  67. Hart FD. French's Index of Differential Diagnosis /12th ed. Bristol : Wright, p 81, 656-61, 1985
  68. Athey PA. Hadlock FP. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology/2nd ed. St. Louis MO. Mosby. p 167, 1985
  69. Chatterjee G. Biswas BP. Biswas S. Sacculation of pregnant uterus. Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 82(10):365-8, 1984 Oct
  70. Jeanty P. Romero R.Obstetrical Ultrasound McGraw-Hill. p 29, 1984
  71. Lee J. Khaleghian R. Association of a persistently retroverted gravid uterus with a large myoma. Australasian Radiology. 28(1):34-8, 1984 Feb
  72. Gerdes J. Diernaes E. Pregnancy with persistent retroflexion in the 3d trimester. Partial retroflexion of the pregnant uterus. [Danish] Ugeskrift for Laeger. 146(14):1051-2, 1984 Apr 2
  73. Iffy L. Operative Perinatology. New York. Macmillan. p 467-8, 1984
  74. Hanaoka J. Kanazawa K. Kawata N. Ono M. Takeuchi M. Sacculation of the pregnant uterus. [Japanese] Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi - Acta Obstetrica et Gynaecologica Japonica. 35(10):1817-20, 1983 Oct
  75. Hagen-Ansert SL. Texbook of Diagnostic Ultrasound/2nd ed. St. Louis MO. Mosby. p 288-290, 1983
  76. Kondo A. Otani T. Takita T. Hayashi H. Kihira M. Itoh F. Urinary retention caused by impaction of enlarged uterus. Urologia Internationalis. 37(2):87-90, 1982
  77. Bernaschek G. The position of the uterus in vivo (author's transl). [German] Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 94(5):124-7, 1982 Mar 5
  78. Buchsbaum HJ. Schmidt JD. Gynecologic and Obstetric Urology /2nd ed. Philadelphia PA. Saunders. Chapter 36 Gilstrap LC. p 539, 1982
  79. Llewellyn-Jones D. Fundamentals of Obstetrics and Gynaecology / 3rd ed. Faber and Faber. London. v1 p 127, 1982
  80. Laing FC. Sonography of a persistently retroverted gravid uterus. American Journal of Roentgenology. 136(2):413-4, 1981 Feb
  81. Hsiang CK. Sivanesaratnam V. Sinnathuray TA. Inadvertent posterior lower segment caesarean section in a sacculated uterus. Medical Journal of Malaysia. 36(4):250-3, 1981 Dec
  82. Iffy L. Kaminetzky HA. Principles and Practice of Obstetrics & Perinatology. New York. Wiley. v2 p 1419-23 p 957 1981
  83. Pritchard JA. MacDonald PC. William's Obstetrics/16th ed. New York. Appleton-Century-Crofts. p 632-4, 1980
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  85. Buckley MR. Anencephaly and spina bifida (ASB) and retroversion. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 33:297-8 1979
  86. Taber B. Manual of Gynecologic and Obstetric Emergencies. Philadelphia. WB Saunders Co. p 658-9, 1979
  87. Doring GK. Kauka E. Arguments for a hesitant attitude in the management of retroflexion of the pregnant uterus. [German] Fortschritte der Medizin. 96(33):1660-2, 1978 Sep 7
  88. Longo LD. Classic pages in obstetrics and gynecology. On retroversion of the uterus. William Hunter. Medical Observations and Inquiries of a Society of Physicians. vol. 4, p 400-409, 1771. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 131(1):95-6, 1978 May 1
  89. Spearing GJ. Uterine sacculation. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 51(Suppl):11s-13s, 1978 Jan
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  91. Swartz EM. Komins JI. Postobstructive diuresis after reduction of an incarcerated gravid uterus. Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 19(5):262-4, 1977 Nov
  92. Djuric M. Milicevic B. Mojsilovic Z. Acute abdomen (pain) due to incarceration of a gravid myomatous uterus. [SerboCroatian (Cyrillic)] Srpski Arhiv Za Celokupno Lekarstvo. 105(11):1033-5, 1977 Nov
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  94. Weekes AR. Atlay RD. Brown VA. Jordan EC. Murray SM. The retroverted gravid uterus and its effect on the outcome of pregnancy. British Medical Journal. 1(6010):622-4, 1976 Mar 13
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  96. Dewhurst CJ. Integrated obstetrics and gynaecology for postgraduates. London. Blackwell Scientific Publications, p 388 1976
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  98. Novak E. Novak's Textbook of Gynecology/9th ed. Baltimore. Williams & Wilkins. p 308, 1975
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  100. Greenhill JP. Friedman EA. Biological Principles and Modern Practice of Obstetrics. Philadelphia PA. Saunders. p 330-2, 1974
  101. Barber HR. Surgical Disease in Pregnancy. Philadelphia. Saunders. p 380-82, 1974
  102. Palav AB. Tricomi VT. A case report of sacculation of the uterus: diagnosis by ultrasonography. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 116(6):876-8, 1973 Jul 15
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  104. Doring GK. Neumann R. Expectant or manipulative management of retroflexion of the pregnant uterus. [German] Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde. 32(3):202-4, 1972 Mar
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  119. Cehelsky MR. Mason VC. Anterior sacculation of pregnant uterus at term. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 99(7):1000-5, 1967 Dec 1
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  123. Fields C. Pildes RB. Sacculation of the uterus. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 87(4):507- 14, 1963 Oct 15
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  125. Buell JI. Perkins MB. Diverticulum of the uterus. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 84:244- 8, 1962
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  128. Kirschbaum H. Replacement of the incarcerated retroflexed gravid uterus (letter). Obstetrics & Gynecology. 15(1):108, 1960 Jan
  129. Francis WJ. Disturbances of bladder function in relation to pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 72:353, 1960
  130. Terry RB. Incarcerated retroflexed gravid uterus: simple maneuver for its correction (letter) Obstetrics & Gynecology. 13(5):630, 1959 May
  131. Crichton EC. Significance of retroverted uterus in obstetrics and gynecology. South African Medical Journal. 33:129, 1959
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