Room Temperature Atomic discrete emission Spectra from Solids

http://www.geocities.com/raomap/discovery5.html

Room temperature Atomic discrete emission spectra from solids

present as XRF sources and radioisotopes

M.A.Padmanabha Rao

Former Professor of Medical Physics

Former Deputy Director, Defence Laboratory, Jodhpur- 342011, Rajasthan, India

114 Charak Sadan, Vikaspuri, New Delhi 110018, India,

raomap@yahoo.com Ph: 91-11-28534251

Discovery 5

A new class of 'room temperature atomic non- thermal optical- UV discrete emission spectra from solids' present as radioisotopes and XRF sources.

What is further new of these spectra

Previously unknown Bharat Radiation causing the new spectra

by exciting energies (Bharat Radiation energies) internally produced within excited atom (unlike standard atomic emission line spectra produced by external thermal energies). The new spectra, produced by exciting energies generated within the excited atom in particular, could be one of the spectacular advancements in the field of atomic spectroscopy.

Existence of atomic state of matter within soilds present as radioisotopes and XRF sources

Prediction : The author has realized that atomic spectra from solids is possible only when 'atomic state of matter exists within soilds at room temperature'

Introduction

Low light yield did not permit to obtain conventional line spectra of these calibration sources. However, the author succeeded in making intensity measurements of UV (up to 400 nm), VIS (400 to 710 nm), and NIR (beyond 710 nm) radiation under three wide range of wavelengths with a pair of sheet polarizers. These estimates provided first and conclusive evidence on optical radiation in general from all the sources tested.

Analogous UV dominant optical spectra shown in Table 1 of the website edas from three unlikely sources with wide diversity Rb and Ba XRF sources (Discovery 1) ; radiochemicals (Discovery 2); and ⁵⁷Co - metal detected at room temperatureee (Discovery 3) with a bare PMT and a pair of sheet polarizers has been a revolutionary finding in radiation physics. These experimental insights demonstrate unprecedented UV dominant spectra, independent of the physical nature of source, whether XRF source or radioisotope, salt or metallic solid like ⁵⁷Co, and atomic number Z. The fact that %UV, VIS and NIR intensities from any source did not depend on its atomic number Z in Fig.3 provide a key that the new spectra may represent a distinct class of atomic spectra. Unprecedented UV dominance and key control of energy of ionizing radiation with maximum abundance on percent UV, VIS, and NIR radiation intensities as shown in Table 1 and Fig.3 seemingly represent more of emissive features of the new spectra.

Explanation why new spectra showed independence of atomic number Z of source, nature of source material whether salt or metal

The spectral results in Fig.3 in the website edas lead to a new understanding of physics of beta, X-ray and gamma, how they behave inside excited atom, and how they are transmitted through core-coulomb field. Excited atom recognizes beta, X-ray and gamma only in terms of their energy during their common transit through core - Coulomb field in vacuum (Fig.3). For example, 0.01339 MeV energy (of Rb XRF) causes % UV (99.62%), %VIS (0.37%) and %NIR (0.01%) radiation intensities. In other words, even beta and gamma rays with the same energy can cause these intensities that implies equally energetic beta, gamma or X-ray exhibits equal performance (Table 1, and Fig.3). The experiments provided first evidence on beta’s non- particle behavior within excited atom, a new understanding of its fundamental physics. Energy degradation from ionizing radiation to light by chain of events controlling solid XRF sources and radioisotopes at subatomic scale independent of Z, owes to analogous atomic spectra observed. These insights may bring some dramatically changes in nuclear, atomic physics and material science.

The new spectra differ from luminescence, scintillations or Cherenkov radiation.

Both solid salts and metals used as radioisotopes and XRF sources behaved in unpredictable ways posed many challenges. The anomalous spectral signature, UV dominance signifying high energy spectra marked them as distinct class different from the familiar ionizing radiation produced luminescence, scintillations or Cherenkov radiation. Moreover, the later can not be expected from non-luminescent or non-scintillating salts like Rb and Ba XRF salts or radiochemicals like ¹³⁷Cs, and ¹³¹I in minute (µg) quantities. Though Rb and Ba salts are opaque to light, yet the observed optical radiation may have emerged from surface.

Though direct measurment of UV dominant optical spectra from these three type of sources provided first and conclusive evidence on optical radiation from these sources, concrete proof of optical emission has come from ⁵⁷Co- metal. In fact the optical spectrum of metal recorded for the first time ever at room temperature has been a breakthrough from familiar incandescence and luminescence suggesting that the new spectra may have caused by previously unknown phenomenon (Becquerel 1890, Glenn F Knoll 1979).

Incidentally both ionizing radiation and fluorescent light are basically atomic emissions; so made insights into sources whether they give rise to atomic emission of light.

Conclusive evidence for optical emission : The UV dominant optical spectrum of ⁵⁷Co- metal featured discrete emission spectrum of free excited ⁵⁷ Co metal -atoms resulted from nuclear and, or core- valence excitation provided undisputable evidence for spontaneous metal-atom emission of light. The free atoms situated in between unexcited metal atoms within the solid sources at room temperature distinctly differ from thermally excited atoms in gaseous phase that cause standard atomic spectra. On this basis, it could be safely interpreted that both radioisotopes and XRF sources cause a new class of atomic non- thermal optical-UV discrete emission spectra from solids ( Padmanabha Rao 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006)

Existence of a new 'atomic state of matter' in solids at room temperature

Our measurements providing the first evidence for formation of free atoms within solid radioisotopes and XRF sources notably at room temperature marked an important step on the existence of a new 'atomic state of matter' in solids at room temperature. The current research has opened up a new class of sources of free excited atoms within solids at room temperature for investigation.

A single XRF source provides both X-ray and atomic spectra at room temperature. It is the hope futuristic discrete emission line spectra of radioisotopes and XRF sources may uncover many secrets inside excited atom.

OPTICAL AND X-RAY SPECTRA FROM A SINGLE XRF SOURCE http://www.geocities.com/raomap/edxrs.html

The UV emission from radioisotopes and XRF sources would explain light output that follow gamma bursts like SN 1998bw and X-ray flux from black hole nova XTE J1118+480. Refer website Solarfission

TUNABLE, ENERGY DEPENDENT ATOMIC SPECTRA

Atomic spectra is no longer fixed as has been believed so far, but tunable by exciting outermost electron with suitable energies (refer website edas) . Like tuning a radio, one can choose exciting energy by selecting either XRF source or radioisotope. It need not be of the same element.

Subatomic research

Pathways in excited atom : Exposition of optical emission spectrum has three pathways, the most intriguing physical processes within excited atoms of XRF sources and radioisotopes :

(i) Nuclear and core excitations: In the case of XRF sources, core excitation results into known XRF emission. And in the case of radioisotopes beta, gamma and X-radiations are the result of nuclear and core excitations.

(ii) Core Coulomb interaction: Interaction of X-ray, gamma and beta with unprecedented core-Coulomb field generates electromagnetic radiation with energies slightly higher than that of UV in eV level termed 'Bharat radiation' (website: discovery5).

(iii) Non-thermal valence excitation : Valence excitation by Bharat radiation to higher energy levels than what has been possible by thermal excitation causes ultimately the observed high energy atomic spectrum. Bharat radiation with energies in eV level is the first ever internal source of valence excitation within core excited atoms of XRF sources and radioisotopes, in contrast to the known nonthermal sources that are extraneous sources. X-ray, gamma and beta radiations causing Bharat radiation (daughter radiation), which in turn causing optical spectrum (websites: discovery5 and discovery6) elicits that the observed optical radiation is second generation to ionizing radiation from within the parent excited atoms.

AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
Metals give rise to		incandescence
Chemical compounds gets atomized and give rise to		STANDARD ATOMIC SPECTRA

AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
Radioisotopes and XRF sources whether present as metals or chemical compounds give rise to	Bharat radiation	Room temperature atomic discrete emission spectra from solids

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM REDEFINED

Electromagnetic radiation having four different names and energy ranges in decreasing order : gamma, X-ray, Bharat and light ( mostly UV ) photons successively follow from an excited atom of XRF sources and radioisotopes. Considered an excited atom, the electromagnetic spectrum can be redefined arranging these four radiations one after another as energy spectrum.

Electromagnetic spectrum usually depicted by various authors is normally intended to show energy distribution. It does not mean that high energies would degrade into low energies. The current study has demonstrated that Bharat and fluorescent light photons follow beta particle, gamma or X-ray from within excited atom. From a gamma emitter like ²⁴¹Am gamma, XRF (Np X-ray in the case of ²⁴¹Am), Bharat, and fluorescent light photons successively follow from one and the same excited atom.

From a beta- gamma source, Bharat photons and fluorescent light photons separately follow beta particles, gamma photons and X-ray photons : Considered ⁶⁰Co, its beta emission causes Bharat photons which in turn causes fluorescent light photons with corresponding energies. Likewise, its gamma rays with 1.17 MeV, and 1.33 MeV; K X-rays, L X-rays etc that emerge from the same source may also produce Bharat and light photons with corresponding set of energies (Fig.5). In each of these cases Bharat energies are expected to eventually produce its own typical atomic spectral lines on excitation of outermost electron.

Fig.1. The above spectrum is an artistic view of Rb X-rays, Bharat radiation higher than that of UV with energy in eV level, and UV dominant atomic spectrum from a single Rb XRF source. In practice, expected is a discrete atomic emission line spectrum having more lines in UV range.

Fig.2. The above spectrum is an artistic view of spectra that can be observed from ⁵⁷Co. Top: Fe X-rays from the source cause Fe X-ray spectrum, Bharat radiation higher than that of UV with energy in eV level; and UV dominant atomic spectrum. Three spectra would appear together but to detect these three radiations, X-rays, Bharat radiation and UV radiation use of more than one detector or PMT with maximum sensitivity in different wavelength regimes is needed. In practice, expected is a atomic discrete line spectrum having more lines in UV range.

Similarly, gamma rays from the source cause not only gamma spectrum; but also Bharat radiation spectrum; and UV dominant atomic spectrum. Three spectra would appear together but to detect these three radiations, gamma rays, Bharat radiation and UV radiation use of more than one detector or PMT with maximum sensitivity in different wavelength regimes is needed. In practice, expected is a atomic discrete line spectrum having more lines in UV range.

NEW MODE OF ENERGY DEGRADATION

Energy degradation into eV level from keV or MeV, unlike previous atomic phenomena : In the case of beta decay, the energy of ensuing gamma and X-radiations that follow beta particle also lye in keV or MeV level. In the century old history of nuclear physics, it is for the first time to unfold a new mode or channel of energy degradation in which energy of ensuing Bharat and light (mostly UV) radiations that follow beta particle lye in eV level, in the current atomic phenomenon described in website discovery6. Considered ⁶⁰Co, its beta particle with keV or MeV energy may also undergo very little energy degradation by generation of Bharat radiation photons with energies around 6-8 eV, which undergo further degradation in energy by producing fluorescent light photons (mostly UV) with energy around 4 eV (Fig.5). This sort of energy degradation happens even with other ionizing radiations including gamma and X-ray photons.

This insight is vital for nuclear, atomic (X-ray), and radiological physics. Since Bharat and UV photons also can cause biological effects along with ionizing radiations, it is desirable to make fresh entry of these two new emissions in decay tables (Ref. 5).

TWO GENERATIONS OF BETA, GAMMA AND X-RAY WITHIN EXCITED ATOM : Bharat radiation and Energy Dependent Atomic Spectra are the successive two generations of beta, gamma and X-rays.

Fig.3. Schematic illustarting the concept of Bharat photons and light photons successively following Rb X-ray photons from isolated, free core- valence excited Rb atoms surrounded by unexcited atoms in ground state within solid Rb salt, during gamma excitation (AMC 2084,U.K.). Solid Rb salt emit 'UV dominant Energy Dependent Atomic discrete emission line Spectra' unprecedented at room temperature (website : discovery1)

Fig 4. Schematic illustarting the concept of Bharat radiation photons (predicted), fluorescent light (UV dominant atomic discrete emission spectrum observed) successively following Cu X-rays from an isolated, free core- valence excited Cu metal atom surrounded by unexcited metal atoms in ground state within copper metallic solid , during gamma excitation (AMC 2084,U.K.) notably at room temperature (Table 1 in website : discovery3).

Fig. 5. Schematic illustarting the concept of Bharat photons and fluorescent light photons (UV dominant atomic discrete emission spectrum observed) successively following beta particle and gamma photons from ⁶⁰Co metal atom surrounded by unexcited metal atoms in ground state within cobalt metallic solid notably at room temperature (website: discovery3).

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