WHO WERE THE ILLYRIANS

SPECTACULAR DISPLAY OF POKORNY'S INDO EUROPEAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY

by Andi Zeneli © 2003 - 2005

Trojan Leaders - List Of Illyrian Tribes - Illyrian Language - Hittite King List - Assyrian King List - Sumerian King List - When The King Became A God - Illyrian King List - Albanian An Illyrian Dialect - Mythological Stories - Origin Of Racism In Europe - Illyrian Altaic Concordances - Guide To Ied - Caucasian Albanians Versus Illyrian Albanians - The Origin Of The Serb People - Ila Varta The Homeland Of Illyrians - An Older Version Of Odysseus - The Meaning Of Iliad - Who Was Homer - Origin of Hellenic Greeks - The Indo European Etymological Dictionary - Indo-European Phonetic System - Turkish Loanwords In Albanian - Albanian Tocharian B Glossary

The putative origin of Illyrian Albanians

Elements of Indo-European Phonology

Attention: This text is encoded using Unicode / UTF8. The special characters as contained in it can only be displayed and printed by installing a font that covers Unicode such as the Arial Unicode MS font.

1. The phonemic inventory (traditional interpretation)

1.1. Non-sonorants (obstruents and laryngeals):

Stops	Tenues (voiceless-nonaspirated)	Tenues aspiratae (voiceless-aspirated)	Mediae (voiced-nonaspirated)	Mediae aspiratae (voiced-aspirated)
Labials	p	p^h	b	b^h
Dentals	t	t^h	d	d^h
Palatals	ḱ	ḱ^h	ǵ	ǵ^h
Velars	k	k^h	g	g^h
Labiovelars	k^w	k^wh	g^w	g^wh
Sibilants	voiceless	voiceless-aspirated	voiced
Dental	s	/	/
Laryngeals	h1	h2	h3

1.2. Sonorants (vowels, nasals and liquids):

Nasals and Liquids

r

l

m

n

Vowels	front		central		back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	i				u
Non-high	e	ē	a	ā	o	ō

1.3. The ablaut system:

	Primary (e-) grades	Secondary (o-) grades	(a-) grades
Long grades	ē	ō	(ā)
Normal (full) grades	e	o	(a)
Zero (reduced) grade	Ø

---

1.4. PIE phonemes arranged by distinctive features

p

p^h

b

b^h

t

t^h

d

d^h

ḱ

ḱ^h

ǵ

ǵ^h

k

k^h

g

g^h

k^w

k^wh

g^w

g^wh

s

h1

h2

h3

consonant

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

obstruent

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

syllabic

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

nasal

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

low

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

high

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

back

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

–

–

+

+

round

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

+

anterior

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

coronal

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

lateral

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

continuant

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

+

–

fricative

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

+

–

aspirated

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

–

+

–

voiced

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

–

+

tense

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

r

l

m

n

i

u

e

ē

o

ō

a

ā

consonant

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

obstruent

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

syllabic

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

+

+

nasal

–

–

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

low

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

high

–

–

–

–

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

back

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

+

+

+

+

round

–

–

+

–

–

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

anterior

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

coronal

+

+

–

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

lateral

–

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

continuant

+

+

–

–

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

fricative

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

aspirated

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

voiced

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

tense

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

+

–

+

1.5. PIE phonemes grouped under cover symbols:

p

p^h

b

b^h

t

t^h

d

d^h

ḱ

ḱ^h

ǵ

ǵ^h

k

k^h

g

g^h

k^w

k^wh

g^w

g^wh

s

h1

h2

h3

C

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Z

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

–

+

–

+

P

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

P^h

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

B

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

+

B^h

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

Ψ

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

+

Γ

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

–

+

Δ

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

+

–

–

Φ

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

+

–

–

+

–

S

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

+

–

H

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

Π

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

T

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

Ξ

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

Ḱ

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

X

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Q

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

K

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

K^h

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

G

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

–

G^h

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

r

l

m

n

i

u

e

ē

o

ō

a

ā

C

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

V

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

U

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

Ω

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

+

+

+

E

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

–

–

–

–

O

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

–

–

A

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

+

F

–

–

–

–

+

+

+

–

+

–

+

–

W

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

+

–

+

M

–

–

+

–

–

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

R

+

+

+

+

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

L

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

N

–

–

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

I

–

–

–

–

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–

J

–

–

–

–

+

–

+

+

–

–

–

–

Y

–

–

–

–

–

+

–

–

+

+

–

–

---

2. Phonemes and their phonetic realization (overview)

2.1. Non-sonorants (obstruents and laryngeals)

Stops (voiceless-nonaspirated)	Tenues (voiceless-aspirated)	Tenues aspiratae	Mediae (voiced-nonaspirated)	Mediae aspiratae (voiced-aspirated )
Labials	p	p^h	b	b^h
	[p, b^1]	[p^h, p^2]	[b, p^3]	[b^h, p^2]
Dentals	t	t^h	d	d^h
	[t, d^1, d^h^4, t^h^5]	[t^h, t^2]	[d, d^h^5, t^3]	[d^h, t^2]
	[t^s^6, d^z^6^+^1^,^3]	[t^sh^6, t^s^6^+^2]	[d^z^6, t^s^6^+^3]	[d^zh^6, t^s^6^+^2]
	[t^ś^7, d^ź^7^+^1^,^3]	[t^śh^7, t^ś^7^+^2]	[d^ź^7, t^ś^7^+^3]	[d^źh^7, t^ś^7^+^2]
Palatals	ḱ	ḱ^h	ǵ	ǵ^h
	[ḱ, ǵ^1, ǵ^h^4, ḱ^h^5]	[ḱ^h, ḱ^2]	[ǵ, ǵ^h^5, ḱ^3]	[ǵ^h, ǵ^2]
Velars	k	k^h	g	g^h
	[k, g^1, g^h^4, k^h^5]	[k^h, k^2]	[g, g^h^5, k^3]	[g^h, g^2]
Labiovelars	k^w	k^wh	g^w	g^wh
	[k^w, g^w^1, g^wh^4, k^wh^5]	[k^wh, k^w^2]	[g^w, g^wh^5, k^w^3]	[g^wh, g^w^2]
Sibilants	voiceless	voiceless aspirated	voiced	voiced aspirated
Dental	s
	[s, z^1, s^h^5, z^h^4]
	[š^8, ž^7^+^1, ž^h^7^+^4]
Laryngeals	h1	h2	h3
	[˒; ˒əe^9, əe˒^9]	[h; həa^9, əah^9]	[˓; ˓əo^9, əo˓^9]
	[Ø^10]

Notes:

1. Voiced realization by regressive assimilation to following voiced obstruent.

2. Non-aspirated realization by neutralization in word final position (also before s).

3. Voiceless realization by regressive assimilation to following voiceless obstruent.

4. Aspirated realization according to Bartholomae's law.

5. Aspirated realization by regressive assimilation to following h₂.

6. By assibilation in position before dental stops.

7. By dissimilation in position before velar (/ palatal / labiovelar) stop ("thorn")?

8. Under unclear conditions: "ruki".

9. Shewa-anaptyxis with colouring.

10. In word final position (facultative realization according to Kuiper's law).

---

2.2. Sonorants (vowels, nasals and liquids):

Nasals and Liquids	r	l	m	n
	[r; r̥^1, r̥̄^1^+^2]	[l; l̥^1, l̥̄^1^+^3]	[m; m̥^1, m̥̄^1^+^4]	[n; n̥^1, n̥̄^1^+^5]

Vowels	front		central		back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	i				u
	[i; ī^12]				[u; ū^12]
	[i̯^13]				[u̯^13]
Non-high	e	ē	a	ā	o	ō
	[e, a^6, o^7]	[ē^8]	[a]	[ā]	[o]	[ō]
	[ē^9, ā^10, ō^11]		[ā^12]		[ō^12]

---

Notes:

1. When syllabic.

2. In position before tautosyllabic laryngeal.

3. In position before tautosyllabic laryngeal.

4. In position before tautosyllabic laryngeal.

5. In position before tautosyllabic laryngeal.

6. By assimilation to adjacent h₂ (a-"colouring").

7. By assimilation to adjacent h₃ (o-"colouring").

8. No assimilation to adjacent laryngeals ("colouring") according to Eichner's law.

9. Substitutional lengthening in position before tauto-syllabic h₁.

10. "a-Colouring" plus substitutional lengthening in position before tauto-syllabic h₂.

11. "o-Colouring" plus substitutional lengthening in position before tauto-syllabic h₃.

12. Substitutional lengthening in position before tauto-syllabic laryngeals.

13. Non-syllabic realization in position before or after syllabic segment.

---

3. Sample: Obstruent p

PIE

Attested I.E. languages

phonolog. input

phonetic output

condition / meaning

Ved.

Avest.

Greek

Arm.

Latin

OIr.

Alb.

Goth.

OHG

OCS

Lith.

Hitt.

Toch.A

Toch.B

p

p

#_V

p

p

π

h

p

p/h

f

f

p

p

p

p

p

pˈotis

pótis

‘lord, master, husband’ (nom.sg.m.)

pátiḥ

paitiš

πόσις

potis

-faþs

(-pod-)

-pats

pats

petso

ph2tˈēr

pəa(h)tḗr

‘father’ (nom.sg.m.)

πατήρ

hayr

pater

athir

atë

(fadar)

fater

pācar

pācer

pəa(h)tḗ

pitā́

(p(i))tā

pˈōds

pο̄́ts

‘foot’ (nom./acc.sg.)

pā́t

πούς

(pēs)

poshtë ‘below’

(fotus)

fuoz

pˈodm

pódm̥

pā́dam

pādəm

πόδα

otn

(pedem)

fotu

fuoz

patan

(pe)

(pai)

pˈelh1u-

pél՚u-

‘much’ (masc./ntr. stem)

il

filu

filu

plh1ˈu-

pl̥՚ú-

purú-

pouru-

(πολύ-)

plot

pˈeḱus

péḱus

‘livestock’ (nom.sg.f.)

páśuḥ

pasuš

(pecus)

pasun ‘rich’

faihu

fihu

pekùs

pˈontēh2s

póntē(h)s

‘way, path’ (nom./gen.sg.)

pánt^hāḥ

pantå̄

(πόντος)

hown

(pons)

hynj ‘enter’

pǫtĭ

pnth2ˈes

pn̥t^hh2as

pat^háḥ

paϑō

p

p

#_V*Q

p

p

π

c

c

p

f

f

p

p

p

p

p

pˈenk^we

pénk^we

‘five’ (indecl.)

páñca

panca

πέντε

hing

quīnque

cóic

pęsa

fimf

fimf

(pętĭ)

(penkì)

päñ

piś

pˈek^weti

pék^weti

‘cooks’ (3.sg.prs.)

pácati

pacaiti

coquit

pjek

pečetŭ

(kẽpa)

(pakät)

(pakṣäṃ)

-pˈok^wos

-pók^wos

‘-cook’ (nom.sg.m.)

-κόπος

p

p

#s_V*Ξ

p

p

Κ*π

p

u̯

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

(s)pˈeḱieti

(s)péḱi̯eti

‘looks’ (3.sg.prs.)

páśyati

spasiieiti

σκέπτε(ται)

specit

pashë ‘I saw’

(spehōt)

p

p

#_C

p

f

π

p

f

f

p

p

p

p

p

prˈo

pró

‘for(-)’ (prep./prev.)

prá

frā

πρό

pro-

ro-

fra-

fir-

pro-

pra-

plˈeueti

pléu̯eti

‘floats’ (3.sg.prs.)

(plávate)

(frauua-)

πλέει

(plovet)

(flew-)

plovetŭ

p

p

V́_V

p

p

π

v,w

p

p

f

f

p

p

p

p

p

ˈuperos

úperos

‘upper’ (nom.sg.m.)

úparaḥ

uparō

ὕπερος

(superus)

(ufaro)

nˈepōts

népōts

‘nephew’ (nom./acc.sg.)

nápāt

napå̄

nepōs

nia

nip

neuo

(nepuotis)

nˈepotm

népotm̥

nápātam

napātəm

(νέποδ-)

(nepōtem)

(nepuotį)

p

p

V_V́

p

p

π

v,w

p

b

b

p

p

p

p

p

upˈeri

upéri

‘over’ (adv.)

upári

upairi

(ὑπέρ)

ver

(super)

(for-)

ubir

h1ˈepi

՚épi

‘above, on’ (adv.)

ápi

aipi

ἔπι

ew

p

p

V_PV́

p

p

π

v,w

p

b

b

p

p

p

p

p

septˈm

septḿ̥

‘seven’ (indecl.)

saptá

hapta

ἑπτά

ewtՙn

septem

(secht)

shtata

(sibun)

(sibun)

sedmĭ

(septynì)

ṣpät

ṣukt

p

p

V_nV́

p

p

π

v,w

p

u̯

f

f

p

p

p

p

p

suˈepnos

su̯épnos

‘sleep’ (nom.sg.)

svápnaḥ

x^vafnō

somnus

(svefn)

(swefn)

späṃ

spane