WHO WERE THE ILLYRIANS
SPECTACULAR DISPLAY OF POKORNY'S INDO EUROPEAN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY
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Albanian is the only Indo European language that has preserved the archaic structure of proto Aryan language. Albanian adjectives and ordinals come after the stressed nouns.
The law formulated in 1892 by J. Wackernagel, according to which unstressed parts of the sentence tend to occupy a position after the first stressed word normally situated at the beginning of a sentence qualifies Albanian as the oldest living Indo European language.
The putative origin of Illyrian Albanians
Elements of Indo-European Phonology
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1. The phonemic
inventory (traditional interpretation)
1.1. Non-sonorants (obstruents and laryngeals):
|
Stops |
Tenues |
Tenues aspiratae |
Mediae |
Mediae aspiratae |
|
Labials |
p |
ph |
b |
bh |
|
Dentals |
t |
th |
d |
dh |
|
Palatals |
ḱ |
ḱh |
ǵ |
ǵh |
|
Velars |
k |
kh |
g |
gh |
|
Labiovelars |
kw |
kwh |
gw |
gwh |
|
Sibilants |
voiceless |
voiceless-aspirated |
voiced |
|
|
Dental |
s |
/ |
/ |
|
|
Laryngeals |
h1 |
h2 |
h3 |
1.2. Sonorants (vowels, nasals and liquids):
|
Nasals and Liquids |
r |
l |
m |
n |
|
Vowels |
front |
central |
back |
|||
|
short |
long |
short |
long |
short |
long |
|
|
High |
i |
|
|
|
u |
|
|
Non-high |
e |
ē |
a |
ā |
o |
ō |
1.3. The ablaut system:
|
|
Primary (e-) grades |
Secondary (o-) grades |
(a-) grades |
|
Long grades |
ē |
ō |
(ā) |
|
Normal (full) grades |
e |
o |
(a) |
|
Zero (reduced) grade |
Ø |
||
1.4. PIE phonemes arranged by distinctive features
|
|
p |
ph |
b |
bh |
t |
th |
d |
dh |
ḱ |
ḱh |
ǵ |
ǵh |
k |
kh |
g |
gh |
kw |
kwh |
gw |
gwh |
s |
h1 |
h2 |
h3 |
|
consonant |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
obstruent |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
syllabic |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
nasal |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
low |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
high |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
back |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
|
round |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
|
anterior |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
– |
– |
– |
|
coronal |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
– |
– |
– |
|
lateral |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
continuant |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
|
fricative |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
|
aspirated |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
+ |
– |
– |
+ |
– |
|
voiced |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
|
tense |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
|
r |
l |
m |
n |
i |
u |
e |
ē |
o |
ō |
a |
ā |
|
consonant |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
obstruent |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
syllabic |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
|
nasal |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
low |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
– |
|
high |
– |
– |
– |
– |
+ |
+ |
– |
– |