What is light
(Published on
internet in 26 January 2001)
Researcher & Author: Joseph George e-mail: http://www.physics-edu.org/contact.htm [My postulates (in brief)] [Verification of OML theory and mass volume concept] ** [Directory page]
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Abstract:
In this thesis author explains:- What is light, Magnetic lines of a magnet and reason for bending of the magnetic lines, Current through a resonant oscillator circuit and its magnetic lines, Mechanism of light, Quantum nature of radiation, Reflection, Color, Photoelectric Effect, Diffraction, Interference, Polarization, Line spectrum of hydrogen atom, X-ray, Absorption spectrum and emission spectrum, Light pressure, Fission by high energy photon, Gamma ray &pair production, Annihilation, Bending of light near a massive object, Lensing effect of gravitational field, X-ether waves, Black hole, Mass volume formula, Mass and energy are not inter changeable.
What is light
Light is a part of intermittent (say-photon or quantum) group of oscillating magnetic lines (OML) moving in space with the velocity of 300000km/second. Actually no particle is moving but it is only the line- up of the ether magnetic particles and becomes a magnetic line, and this magnetic lines oscillating with the frequency of the oscillating electron which makes the magnetic line. The velocity of light refers that, the time taken for line- up of the ether magnetic particles up to 300000km in empty space is one second. The speed, bending of light near a massive object or refraction of the light is depending on the number of the free ether magnetic particles and the density of the ether magnetic particle medium. If light passes through a rare medium to a denser medium or a denser medium to rare medium, the light will be refracted. Near a massive object like Sun, light will be bended because of the density of ether magnetic particle is higher at the surface of the Sun than the outer space, and it only is the refraction of light. (but not with the gravitational force exerted on light quanta from the sun. Light is not a particle. The velocity of light is independent from the light source. The velocity of the line- up of the ether magnetic particles depends only on the ether magnetic particle medium. We can calculate the amount of bending, if we know the mass of the object, space producing rate( quantity of mass disappeared /second )and volume of the object).
Electron has magnetic property and polarity, north and south poles. In an ordinary temperature the inner orbital electron of an atom oscillate in its orbit at its natural frequency, but the amplitude of the oscillation will be extremely small and it will not radiate OMLs in a detectable intensity. The natural frequency of the most outer orbital electrons will be in micro wave frequency region and a substance in a very cold temperature (a few Kelvins )emits microwaves. So a few Kelvins of temperature is sufficient for the oscillation of the outer orbital electrons of a substance.
When the electrons passing through a solenoid, all the 'electrons magnets' are aligned and the whole solenoid becomes a single large magnet. In a permanent magnet, the whole domains are aligned and becomes a large single magnet. A magnetic pole has a large number of magnetic lines. This magnetic lines are made of a very large number of tiny small ether magnets. I call this magnet "ether magnetic particle."
EMPs at north pole of an electron:
EMPs at south pole of an electron:
In the case of a magnet, the magnetic lines are bended as above, this is because of a magnetic pole contains a large number of magnetic lines, when these enormous lines coming parallel together, all the lines repulses each other. This mutual repulsion 'between the lines' will make an equilibrium state and make a possible maximum distance between every lines. This is the reason for the bending of magnetic lines. It is clear that in the absence of repulsion between these magnetic lines, the lines will not bend but will go straight.
Magnetic lines are made of ether magnetic particles aligned as a chain. In this chain the ether magnetic particles joining together as a chain of large number of magnets. The chain of ether magnetic particles at north pole of a magnet is S>N S>N S>N S>N and these magnetic lines are bended because of the mutual repulsion of the magnetic lines each other and this bended magnetic lines will be attracted by the south pole of the magnet. The bended chain of ether magnetic particles at south pole of the magnet is N>S N>S N>S N>S.
As stated as above every electron is a magnet and has north & south poles. Ether magnetic particle has also magnetic property. A free ether magnetic particle's polar strength is not sufficient to stick with an other ether magnetic particle. When an ether magnetic particle attracted by an electron, the ether magnetic particle will become a stronger magnetic particle by the magnetic induction of that electron and also, now the line-up of the ether magnetic particle will take place. An electron attracts ether magnetic particles at its two poles. North pole of an electron attracts the south pole of the nearest ether magnetic particle and this ether magnet's north pole attracts the south pole of the adjacent ether magnetic particle and so on. At the same time, south pole of the electron attracts its nearest north pole of the ether magnetic particle and this ether magnet's south pole attracts its nearest north pole of an another ether magnetic particle and so on. In this way, every electron makes an infinite straight magnetic lines and these lines moving through space by the lining-up of ether magnetic particles with the velocity of 300000km/second, in the absence of mutual repulsion between the lines.
The pole strength of an ether magnetic particle and an electron will be equal, when an ether magnetic particle attracted by an electron. When an ether magnetic particle attracted by any one pole of an electron, the electron's one pole and the ether magnetic particle's opposite pole are attracted each other. i.e. when an ether magnetic particle attracted by one pole of an electron, the electron and the ether magnetic particle together to became a single magnet and the one pole of this 'magnet' came the other end of the ether magnetic particle; this pole of the ether magnetic particle attracts its nearest ether magnetic particle, and so on.
From the Stefan- Boltzmann law, we see that any object with the temperature above absolute zero(0 K) emits some electromagnetic radiations. From wien's law, we find that a very cold object with a temperature of only a few kelvins emits primarly microwaves. An object at "room temperature" (about 295K)emits primarily infrared radiation. And an object with a temperature of a few thousand kelvins emits mostly visible light. An object with a temperature of a few million Kelvins emits most of its radiation in the X-ray wave lengths.
**Light, greater or smaller of the frequency of light is intermittent group of oscillating magnetic lines with different frequency (radio wave transmitter producing continues oscillations or un damped oscillations). When a strong current passing through a solenoid of a electromagnet, and the above the electromagnet, on a paper, iron powder is sprinkled, we can see thick and more curved magnetic lines are formed by the iron powder. If we pass a weak current with high potential through the solenoid, low number, comparatively less curved magnetic lines are seen formed by the iron powder on the paper. In a radio wave resonant oscillator circuit, at resonance the current through the circuit will be very minimum. (If the frequency of applied voltage is equal to the natural or resonant frequency of LC circuit, then electrical resonance will occur. Under such conditions, the impedance of the tuned circuit becomes maximum and the line current is minimum). When the current through the circuit is very minimum, the number of magnetic lines produced will be also very minimum at any point of the transmitter antennae. This minimum number of magnetic lines makes minimum mutual repulsion between the magnetic lines each other and the magnetic lines will be comparatively straighter and this magnetic lines are oscillating with the frequency of the resonant frequency of that oscillator circuit and radiates to space. The only difference between radio frequency OMLs with any other high frequency OMLs, in its frequency.
[ Experiment.
Since the photon nature (intermittent) of light, it is very difficult to influence on light by magnetic fields. But a continues radio wave transmitted by a simple radio wave transmitter, can be disturbed with the help of a strong magnetic field ].
(In an electromagnet, the strength of the electromagnetism is depending on the current passing through the solenoid. If a strong current is passing through a solenoid, we will get a strong electromagnet and if weak current, a weak electromagnet will get. As stated as above the bending of the magnetic lines is caused by the mutual repulsion between the magnetic lines each other. The curvature of the magnetic lines will be more in a strong magnet than a weak magnet, this is because, in a strong magnet, the number of magnetic lines will be more or the density of the magnetic lines will be more in a unit area of the magnet. Every magnetic lines in a same pole of a magnet, repulse each other and try to make a equilibrium state and make a maximum possible distance between every lines each other. In this by clear that, if there is more magnetic lines, the curvature of the magnetic lines will be more and if there is a less number of magnetic lines, the curvature of the magnetic lines will be less).
All substances are made of atoms. These atoms are very tiny (typical atomic diameters are about 1 angstrom) and are constantly in motion. The temperature of a substance is directly related to the average speed of its atoms. If something is hot, its atoms are moving at high speeds. If a substance is cold, its atoms are moving much more slowly. The minimum possible temperature is called absolute zero (0 K or -273degreeC).When the atoms are moving in a substance, they will collides each other. When the temperature increases, the kinetic energy of atoms will increase. When the kinetic energy of atoms increase, the collision rate also increase. The orbital electrons will be exited and oscillates in its natural frequency and emits OMLs with same frequency of the orbital electrons, when an atom collides with an other atom. If the temperature is further raised, the collision of atoms and amplitude of the oscillation of the orbital electrons will also increase. When the amplitude of oscillation reached at a optimum level, that orbital electron will overcome against its binding force from the nucleus and will escape from that orbit to the next outer orbit. When the electron jumped to this orbit, it oscillate with the resonant frequency that orbit and makes OMLs with the natural frequency of that orbit. As a result of this oscillation of the electron, it will lose its excitation and will come back to the previous orbit. When an orbital electron exited, it oscillates in its natural frequency and emits OMLs with the same frequency of that orbit. In this way, that orbital electron will lose its excitation 'instantly' and will come back to the normal state. This is the reason of the quantum nature or photon nature of radiation.
Reflection.
If a beam of light (a group of OMLs with different frequency) falls on a reflective surface, it will be reflected. If an OML falls on an atom with a particular frequency and if the natural frequency of any one of the orbit of that atom is coming equal to the frequency of that incident OML, that OML to oscillate that orbital electron with the frequency of the incident OML. This oscillations of that orbital electron makes reflected OML (if two drums with having same natural frequency, placed in near and if we hit on any one of the drum, it will make sound with its own natural frequency. This oscillation of the first drum to oscillates the second drum with the same frequency of the incident vibration. But, if a third drum make any other than the the natural frequency of the first two drums, that will not oscillate the first two drums efficiently and they will not make reflected sound). If a group of OMLs with all frequency in the visible region (white light) falls on a white surface, the reflected light also will be white light. This is because, the natural frequencies of the orbital electrons in the atoms of that surface, including in all the frequency in the visible region. This is the reason for a white surface reflects white light.
Color.
Same as reflection, when the natural frequency of an orbital electron is equal to the frequency of an incident OML, it to oscillate that particular orbital electron with the frequency of the incident OML, and this oscillation of that orbital electron makes reflected OML. If only one incident OML's frequency is coming equal to the natural frequencies of orbital electrons of atoms of a surface, only that particular frequency will be reflected. If two or more frequencies of the incident OMLs are coming equal to the natural frequencies of orbital electrons of that surface, that all OMLs will oscillates its corresponding orbital electrons and reflects that all frequencies and a mixed color will be seen.
Photo electric effect.
Light is intermittent group of oscillating magnetic lines. If an OML falls on a surface of Zinc like metal with above the threshold frequency (frequency from ultraviolet ray), it to oscillate the electron of the surface of the zinc metal with the frequency of the incident OML. One OML will catch one electron, and when the the magnetic line oscillates, the catched electron will also oscillate with the frequency of the incident OML. If this oscillation of the electron of the surface of the metal overcome the binding energy from metal surface to the electron, it will be escaped from the metal surface. The number of photo electrons ejected depends up on the number of the incident OML with above threshold frequency. (free electron is situated in various energy states. The electron in the highest level, called fermi level, requires the smallest external energy to be liberated, and the electrons in the lower energy states requires more external energy to be liberated.)
Diffraction.
Interference.
If two OMLs with the same frequency, try to oscillate an orbital electron in same direction in same time, the amplitude of the oscillation of that orbital electron will increase (frequency remaining same) and it emits OML with the frequency of the incident OMLs with more brightness and this is the reason of bright line.
Line spectrum of hydrogen atom.
X-ray.
The target used in an X-ray tube is made of tungsten (atomic number =74). In an atom there are two electrons in the K shell, eight electrons in the L-shell ,18 electrons in the M-shell and so on. When the high energy cathode rays bombard with the target of an X-ray tube, the atom emits X-ray and with some low frequency radiations. When the high energy cathode rays bombard with the target atom, initially the cathode rays will bombard with the outer orbit of the atom, and this orbital electron will oscillates in its natural frequency and emits OML with the frequency of this orbital electrons. Then, the cathode rays bombard with the next inner orbital electrons and this orbital electrons will oscillates in its natural frequency and emits OML with the frequency of this orbit. Then, the cathode rays bombard with the next inner orbital electrons and this orbital electrons oscillates in its natural frequency and emits OML with the frequency of this orbit and so on. Finally the high energy cathode rays will bombard with the inner most, k level orbital electrons and the k level electrons oscillates in its natural frequency and emits OML with the frequency of this orbit. The natural frequency of the k level orbital electron of the target atom will be in the X-ray frequency region and the k level orbital electrons emits X-ray OMLs (X-ray photons). Also, in this way when we makes X-ray with a X-ray tube, a number of low frequency OMLs will also appeared in the spectrum.
Absorption spectrum and emission spectrum.
Atom of every element has its own spectrum when it an exited state. An orbital electron can only oscillate in its natural frequency on its orbit. A hot glowing object emits a continues spectrum or all the frequencies in the visible spectrum and looking as white light. i.e. a hot glowing object produces OMLs with the all frequencies in the visible region. When a gas atom at cooled state, its orbital electrons oscillating on its orbits with its natural frequencies. But the amplitude of the oscillations will be extremely small and it will not produce OMLs in a detectable intensity. In a low temperature, the amplitude of the oscillation of the orbits in an atom will decreases from outer orbit to inner orbit. The most inner orbital electrons will be in almost zero oscillation. If this cooled gas is placed in the path of a white light, in the resulting spectrum, absorption lines will be appeared. This is caused by when the natural frequency of an orbital electron of a gas atom is equal to a frequency of incident OML, this OML to oscillate that orbital electron with its frequency (in the natural frequency of that orbital electron). In this way that OML will be absorbed by that orbital electron and in the resulting spectrum, this particular OML will not be appeared. It is the reason of the absorption spectrum.
When a beam of light falls on a reflective surface it will be reflected. As same as, the absorbed frequency will be reflected by the gas atom in an oblique angle. The absorbed OML to oscillates that particular orbital electron with its frequency (the frequency of the absorbed incident OML and the natural frequency of that orbital electron will be same) and this oscillation of the orbital electrons will make the reflected OML or reflected light. The absence of the absorption of the other frequencies, the gas atom only reflects the absorbed frequency. This reflected OML is the emission line and this is the cause of the emission spectrum.
Light pressure.
If a beam of light falls on a reflective surface, it will be reflected. Every orbital electron of an atom has its own natural frequency. An OML will be reflected when the frequency of the incident OML and the natural frequency of an orbital electron is equal. When an OML to oscillate an orbital electron, there will be experienced a pressure, because of the inertia of the orbital electron and the binding force between the electron and the atom.
Fission by high energy photon.
We can disintegrate nucleus of some elements with high energy (above 8MeV) photon. Here we targeting with high energy photons towards the nucleus. When this OML falls on the nucleus, the nuclear particles start to oscillate with the frequency of this incident OML. When the frequency of oscillation of the nuclear particles over comes against nuclear binding energy, the disintegration of the nucleus will takes place.
Gamma ray and pair production.
Gamma ray photon is also oscillating magnetic lines. The only difference is, it coming from nucleus and the frequency will be greater than the X-ray. The ether magnetic particle density will be greater in the near surface of the nucleus of an atom due to its gravitational force. This causes the possibility of the pair production process will be greater with the emission of a gamma ray, with sufficient frequency. The minimum gamma ray energy required to create an electron- positron pair is equal to 1.022MeV. The inertia of the magnetic lines will be reached in more effective in this frequency range and when the frequency reached at this range, the tension of the magnetic line will over come against its attractive force between two ether magnetic particles (if we oscillate a coil, we will experience a tension. If we oscillate it with more frequency, we will experience more tension) and braked as small bundles of ether magnetic particles.This way, the line- upping of the ether magnetic particles will be braked as a number of very compacted units of bundle of ether magnetic particles. These compacted bundles will be attracted and joined together to produces the electron- positron pair. This is one of the example for ether magnetic particle can be converted to ordinary matter like electron and positron.
Annihilation of electron and positron.
When an electron and a positron collides together, these same massed particles exerting same action on the other particle. When these two extremely compressed bundles of ether magnetic particles collides together, they will be released and makes two gamma-ray OMLs. This is one of the example for ordinary matter can be converted to space or ether magnetic particles.
Bending of light near the Sun:
There are two reasons for the bending of light near the Sun:
1)Density of ether magnetic particles or space will be greater in the near surface of the Sun (like the high atmospheric air pressure and density on the sea level of the Earth) because of the gravitational force exerted on the space from the Sun.
2)Space produced in the nuclear reaction (the missing mass in the nuclear reactions will be converted to space) makes space pressure near the surface of the Sun and it expands outwards.
These two reasons makes a denser medium near the surface of the Sun. When light passes from a rarer medium to denser medium' or 'vice versa, it will be deflected or refracted. The velocity of the line-up of the ether magnetic particles depends on the number of free ether magnetic particles and the density of the medium. This is the cause of bending of the light near the Sun.
Lensing effect.
Considering the whole of the Universe, the distribution of matter (stars, super nova, neutron stars, black holes etc) are not in uniformly. In some areas, the distribution of the matter will be more. This causes, the space density due to the gravity and the space producing rate due to nuclear reactions of the whole system will be great. As stated as above, the density difference of the space will make the refraction of light. This is the reason of the lensing effect.
Light is a part of intermittent (say -photon or quantum) group of oscillating magnetic lines (OMLs) moving (moving means -the line-upping of the ether magnetic particles) through space with the velocity of 300000km/second. Magnetic lines are made of ether magnetic particles aligned as a chain of magnets. The ether magnetic particle has magnetic property and its own magnetic lines. The magnetic lines of ether magnetic particles are made of X-ether magnetic particles. The X-ether magnetic particle has magnetic property and its own magnetic lines. The magnetic lines of the X-ether magnetic particles are made of 2X-ether magnetic particles and so on.
If we utilize the X-ether waves, we can able to detect far distant galaxies, far distant objects, and in more importantly, we can also able to communicate with the extra terrestrials if they exists. I believe that the X-ether waves inducing in magnetic lines of magnet.
Nuclear reaction.
In a nuclear reaction, the missing mass will be converted to space (ether magnetic particles). The releasing of energy in a nuclear reaction is due to the rapid, huge increasing of volume of ordinary matter to space or ether magnetic particles. Einstein's mass energy equation gives a rough idea of the quantity of energy releasing in a nuclear reaction and it is almost mathematically applicable for calculating the quantity of energy releasing. But in reality, "matter can not able to convert to energy or energy can not able to convert to matter".
Mass volume formula.
Increasing of Volume = Mass disappeared / Density of space matter (V=M/D).
Our detectable matter or 'known matter' is the 10% of the total matter of the Universe. The 90% of the 'unknown matter' is space. The space has density. The ordinary matter (our detectable matter) is highly compressed space matter, the space matter is also highly compressed X-space matter and the X-space matter is highly compressed 2X-space matter and so on. There is no fundamental particles. The volume formula is also applicable in the cause of X ether particle production process and releasing of energy may be thousand times greater than the nuclear reaction.
The example for matter can be converted to space (ether magnetic particle) is the annihilation process of particle and anti particle. The example for the space can be converted to matter is the pair production process.
**Stars converts ordinary matter to space matter (unknown matter or missing matter) and the black hole converts space matter to black hole matter. After the explosion of the huge black hole ('huge singularity'), the black hole matter converts to ordinary matter.
Conclusion:
The postulates described in this thesis may revolutionize some of our current understandings of the Basic Laws of Physics and technologies using for understanding and exploring the Cosmos with the utilizing of X-ether waves.
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