* Chronology (1887-1916) |back to home page
- 1887
- In Paris George Menié publishes the anti-Semitic work L’Algérie juive (A Savine).
- 1889
- In France, the creation of the Second International at the Congress of Paris.
- The inauguration of the Eiffel Tower.
- The “Marseillaise” becomes the national anthem.
- 1892
- In France, the Panama Canal scandal triggers Louis Drumont’s press campaign against Jewish financing.
- 1894
- In France, captain Alfred Dreyfus, wrongly condemned for espionage and deported to Devil’s Island in Guyana.
- 1898
- The Algerian government reorganizes and establishes an assembly with elected members.
- In Paris, Sadia Lévy and Robert Randau publish Rabbin (Harvard).
- Emile Zola publishes his letter “J’accuse” to France’s president Félix Faure in the newspaper L’Aurore.
- 1901
- The French agreement with Morocco gives France control of the police on the border.
- 1902
- In France, the foundation of the Goncourt Academy.
Growing disorder in Morocco.
- In Algiers, Sadia Lévy and Robert Randau publish XI Journées en force (Jourdan).
- 1904
- French-Spanish agreement on Morocco: the northern, Mediterranean belt, becomes a Spanish zone.
- 1905
- In France: Law of separation of Church and State.
- Emperor William II visits Tangier.
- The Moroccan sultan invites the powers to a conference to arrange for reform.
- 1906
- France and Spain get substantial control of Moroccan reform.
- 1907
- France occupies northern Morocco following serious disorders and anti-foreign outbreaks.
- 1908
- Mulai Hafid is proclaimed sultan of Fez.
- 1909
- French-German agreement on Morocco.
- 1910
- Agreement between France and the sultan of Morocco.
- Sadia Lévy publishes “Silhouette des Treize” in L’Intransigeant.
- 1911
- Attacks of Berber tribes on Fez, and as a result the French occupy Fez.
- German-French agreement on Morocco.
- 1912
- The Moroccan sultan is obliged to accept a French protectorate.
- General Lyautey is appointed resident-general in Morocco to restore order.
- Sultan Mulai Hafid abdicates and is succeeded by Mulai Yusuf.
- French-Spanish agreement defines the position of the Spanish zone in Morocco, and establishes a special status for Tangier.
- 1914
- Beginning of World War I.
* Chronology (1917-1929) |
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- 1917
- In Paris, Salem El Koubi publishes Contes et poèmes d'Islam (Jouve).
- 1918
- World War I ends.
- 1919
- French citizenship is extended in Algeria to those who served in WWI, those who owned land, and others.
- French-Italian agreement ceases several oases in southern Tunisia to Italy.
- In Paris, Maximilienne Heller (also known as Heller-Fenech) publishes La Détresse des revanches (Maison Française d'Art et de Publication).
- In Paris, Elissa Rhaïs(Rosine Boumendil) publishes Saada la marocaine (Plon).
- J. Véhel, (Jacques-Victor Lévy) publishes Les Veillées de la Hafsia (Payan et Magne).
- 1920 In Paris, Salem El Koubi publishes Rosées d'Orient (Les Gémeaux).
- 1921
- In Tunisia, a new nationality law determines that children of foreign parents born in Tunisia are French subjects. Great Britain protests.
- In Tunis, Maximilienne Heller (also known as Heller-Fenech) publishes La Jeunesse de la Terre (Weber).
- In Paris, Elissa Rhaïs(Rosine Boumendil) publishes Les Juifs, et la fille d'Eléazar (Plon).
- 1922
- The government of Tunisia is reorganized.
- In Tunis,Maximilienne Heller (also known as Heller-Fenech) publishes Le Feu qui danse (Weber).
- In Paris, Elissa Rhaïs(Rosine Boumendil) publishes Le Café chantant, Kerbeb, noblesse arabe (Plon).
- Théodore Valensi publishes Yasmina (Méricant).
- 1923
- According to French-British agreement, children born in Tunisia to foreign parents may elect their nationality, but their children may not.
- According to the Tangier Convention, signed by France, Spain, and Great Britain, a mixed commission governs Tangier for the sultan.
- In Paris, César Benattar publishes Le Bled en lumière (Taillandier).
- Maximilienne Heller (also known as Heller-Fenech) publishes La Mer Rouge (Grasset).
- Elissa Rhaïs(Rosine Boumendil) publishes La Fille des pachas (Plon).
- 1924
- In Paris, Elissa Rhaïs(Rosine Boumendil) publishes La Fille du douar (Plon).
- 1925
- Abd el-Krim attacks the French.
- The French-Spanish agreement co-operates against Abd el-Krim.
- A Major offensive begins under the command of Marshal Pétain.
- In Morocco, Lyautey resigns as French resident.
- In Paris, Elissa Rhaïs(Rosine Boumendil) publishes La Chemise qui porte bonheur (Plon), and L'Andalouse (Fayard).
- 1926
- Abd el-Krim surrenders and is exiled to the island of Réunion.
- In Lyon, Blanche Bendahan publishes La Voile sur l'eau (Ed. du Fleuve).
- In Paris, Elissa Rhaïs(Rosine Boumendil) publishes Le Mariage de Hanifa (Plon).
- 1927
- Death of the Moroccan sultan Mulai Yusuf; His son, Sidi Mohammed III succeeds him.
- In Tunis, César Benattar publishes Le Cinéma aux Enfers (Maison Française d'Edition et de Publication).
- In Paris, Elissa Rhaïs(Rosine Boumendil) publishes Par la voix de la musique (Plon).
- In Tunis, Ryvel (Lévy, Raphaël) publishes Terre d'Israël.
- 1928
- In Paris, Maximilienne Heller (also known as Heller-Fenech) publishes Les Hommes de proie (Flasquelle).
- Elissa Rhaïs(Rosine Boumendil) publishes Le Sein blanc (Flammarion).
- In Oran, Jules Tordjman publishes Larmes et sourires (S. éd).
- 1929
- In Paris, Vitalis Danon, Ryvel, and J. Vehel publish La Hara conte (Ivrit).
- Elissa Rhaïs (Rosine Boumendil) publishes La Riffaire, suivie de Petits pachas en exil (Flammarion).
- Ryvel, J. Véhel, and V. Danon publish La Hara conte (Ivrit).
- Daisy Sebag publishes Loin de la Terre rouge (Figuière).
- J. Véhel, V. Danon, and Ryvel publish La Hara conte (Ivrit).
* Chronology (1930-1962)
- 1930
- In addition to economic crisis, Morocco suffers from drought locusts, and general unrest.
- In Paris, Blanche Bendahan publishes Mazaltob (Du Tambourin).
- Moïse Nahon publishes Propos d'un vieux Marocain (Larose).
- Elissa Rhaïs (Rosine Boumendil) publishes La Convertie (Flammarion).
- Jules Tordjman publishes Au rythme de mon coeur (Jeune Académie).
- In Tunis, Ryvel (Lévy, Raphaël) publishes L'Oeillet de Jerusalem (La Kahéna).
- 1931
- Arab-Muslim renaissance spreads out to Algeria with the founding of a League of Ulemas at Constantine, Algeria.
- In Tunis, Ryvel (Lévy, Raphaël) publishes L'Enfant de l'Oukala (La Kahéna).
- 1932
- In Paris, Sadia Lévy publishes Treize à la douzaine (Jacomet).
- 1933
- Opening of the Moroccan-Tunisian railway.
- In Algiers Berthe Benichou-Aboulker publishes La Kahéna, reine Berbère (Soubiron).
- In Tunis, Vitalis Danon publishes Aron le colporteur (La Kahéna).
- Ryvel (Lévy, Raphaël) publishes En Marge de la Bible (La Kahéna).
- 1934
- Violent attacks upon Algerian Jews.
- French conquest of Morocco completed.
- In Paris, Maxime Adda publishes Ali chez les Aryens (La Bourbonnais).
- In Tunis, Vitalis Danon publishes Dieu a pardonné (La Kahéna).
- Ryvel, and J. Véhel publish Le Bestiaire du Ghetto(La Kahéna).
- 1935
- In Tunis, Georges Blanchet (Elie Cohen-Hadria) publishes Maison close (Hadida).
- Sadia Lévy publishes Sensations d'un égorgé (Moderne).
- Ryvel (Lévy, Raphaël) publishes Les Lumières sur la Hara (La Kahéna).
- 1936
- In Algiers Berthe Benichou-Aboulker publishes Pays de flemme: poèmes (Soubiron).
- In Tunis, Vitalis Danon publishes Ninette de la rue du péché, nouvelle populiste (La Kahéna).
- 1937
- Nationalist uprising in Morocco. The French arrest many nationalist leaders.
- Ryvel publishes Les Chants du Ghetto (La Kahéna).
- In Algiers, Rosalia Bentami publishes L'Enfer de la Casbah (Imprimerie Du Lycée).
- In Tunis, Ryvel (Lévy, Raphaël) publishes Les Chants du ghetto ( La Kahéna), and in Sousse, he publishes L'Enquête.
- 1938
- In Paris, André Tabet publishes Rue de la marine (Albin Michel).
- Jules Tordjman publishes Jardins en pente (Corymbe).
- 1939
- Beginning of World War II.
- In Tunis, Nadia Goldmann publishes Contes (Ed. l'Heure Bleue).
- In Paris, Maximilienne Heller (also known as Heller-Fenech) publishes Les Pélardier (La Cité Nouvelle).
- Isaac David Knafo publishes Les Jeux et les rêves (Le Sol Clair).
- 1940
- The Nazis enter Paris.
- Marshal Philippe Pétain signs an armistice.
- France is divided into an occupied (north and west) and a free zone (south).
- A French State, with Vichy as the seat of government replaces the Third republic.
- The Vichy government abolishes the Crémieux Decree and impose anti-Semitic laws.
- 1941
- In Tunis, Claude Benady publishes Chanson du voile (Le Cénacle), and Hammamet, fleur d'amour ( Le Cénacle).
- 1942
- Vichy government is openly collaborationist.
- In Algiers, Jeanne Terracini publishes Un enfant est mort (Charlot).
- 1943
- General de Gaulle restores the Crémieux Decree.
- In Tunis, Paul Ghez publishes Six mois sous la botte (SAPI).
- 1944
- France: De Gaulle heads the provisional Government of the French Republic and takes over the Vichy administration.
- In Algiers, Lucien Benisti publishes Plaine chaude (Charlot).
- In Tunis, Robert Borgel publishes Etoile jaune et croix gammée (Artypo).
- 1945
- World War II ends.
- Violent uprising in Algeria.
- In Algiers Berthe Benichou-Aboulker publishes Louise de Lavallière (Soubiron).
- In Tunisia, Ryvel signs an agreement with the Vichy administration by which it agreed to financially support the local Alliance Israélite schools.
- 1946
- De Gaulle resigns. The Fourth republic is established.
- In Tunis, Georges Blanchet (Elie Cohen-Hadria) publishes Fleurs de Joie, Fleurs de Tristesse (SAPI).
- Ryvel (Lévy, Raphaël) publishes Le Nebel du galouth (La Cité des Livres).
- 1947
- Violent incidents in Tunisia.
- In Paris, Irma Ychou (Irma Van Lawick) publishes La Famille Bensaïd (Albin Michel).
- 1948
- Israel’s Independence.
- In Paris, Blanche Bendahan published Poèmes en short (R. Lacoste).
- 1949
- In Tunis, Claude Benady publishes Hors de jeu, les morts (Périples).
- 1950
- In Paris, André Chouraqui publishes Le Cantique des Cantiques (D.D.B.), and La Condition juridique de l'Israélite marocain.
- 1951
- Claude Benady publishes La Couleur de la Terre (La Tour de feu).
- Isaac David Knafo publishes Fugitives, Maroquinerie(Mogador), and Rabbi Chimone Bar Yochay.
- In Paris, Jeanne Terracini publishes Chroniques de l'usure (Gallimard).
- 1952
- Anti-French riots in Casablanca, Morocco. And Bizerte, Tunisia.
- French protectorate ends in Tunisia and Morocco.
- 1953
- In Paris, Claude Benady publishes Recommencer l'amour (Seghers), and in Tunis,
- Benady publishes Le Temps comme saison (Périples).
- Jean Daniel publishes L'Erreur (Gallimard).
- Albert Memmi publishes La Statue de sel (Buchet Chastel).
- 1954
- Algeria: the FLN (National Front of Liberation) organizes terrorist attacks leading to a civil war.
- In Algiers, Jean-Richard Smadja publishes Poésie, and Poésies II (Imp. P. Guiauchain)
- Jules Tordjman publishes publishes Mémoire vive (Ed. du Centre).
- In Paris, Claude Benady publishes Le Dégel des sources (Seghers).
- In Tunis, Ryvel (Lévy, Raphaël) publishes Semaine des roses (Hadida).
- 1955
- In Paris, Albert Memmi publishes Agar (Buchet Chastel).
- Claude Benady publishes Les Remparts du bestiaire ( Falaise).
- Blanche Bendahan publishes Poèmes du Mzab (Continents).
- 1956
- Morocco and Tunisia are independent.
- In Paris, André Chouraqui publishes Les Psaumes. Trans. (P.U.F.).
- In Tunis, Michel Uzan publishes Entre les murs de Tunis (Impr. du Nord).
- 1957
- Sadia Lévy’s Abishag is published in Monte Carlo (Regain).
- Roland Bacri publishes Le Petit poète (La Canardothèque).
- In Paris, Albert Memmi publishes Portrait du Colonisé, précédé du Portrait du colonisateur (Buchet Chastel).
- 1958
- A military putsch in Algiers brings de Gaulle back to power.
- In Algiers, Evelyne Stumph publishes Profondes sont nos racines (Bacconier).
- France: De Gaulle establishes the Fifth Republic.
- Jeanne Benguigui publishes L'Arbre de vie (Ed. du CELF).
- 1959
- De Gaulle proclaims the “right of Algerian to self-determination.”
- In Paris, René Sussan (René Reouven) publishes La Route des voleurs (Denoël).
- 1960
- In Paris, André Chouraqui publishes Théodore Herzl, inventeur de l'Etat d'Israël (Le Seuil), and Cantique pour Nathanaël (Corti).
- 1961
- Jules Tordjman publishes L'Espace est un miroir (Subervie).
- 1962
- The Evian agreement recognize the independence of Algeria.
- In Paris, Albert Memmi publishes Portrait d'un Juif (Gallimard).
- In Bruxelles Jules Tordjman publishes Si j'éteignais le jour (Ed. du CLEF).
- In Tunis, Michel Uzan publishes Entre les murs de Tunis (Impr. du Nord).
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