Geno Project - U5a1a - R1b1c - Our Sicilian Family DNA Project European - Norman Sicilians or Native Italians, Sicilians?

John Raciti's: Gallic-Belgae R1b STR cluster ©, Belgae R1b STR cluster ©, Belgae DNA Modal ©, Gallic-Belgae DNA Modal ©

(Saami - Celtic Iberian - Belgae - De Bello-Gallico) Sicilian Family

U5a1a mtDNA (Maternal)

Clan Ursula: Founding Mother of Europe - Nordic - Saami People - Sami - Finns - Finnic

U5a1a - is the oldest European-specific haplogroup and its origin dates to approximately 55,000 to 50,000 years ago.

Haplogroup U5a1a: How did U5a1a populations arrived in Sicily. There are a number of reasons this mtDNA is found in Sicily. First, there is the melting pot aspect of Sicily. Haplogroup U is believed to be about 50,000 years old, entering Europe through the Near East. This is thought to have occurred somewhere between Turkey and the Ukraine - Black Sea. Members of U5 then quickly spread all over Europe, the first permanent mtDNA group to settle in Europe.

The Roman Empire was very important across Europe and brought several various populations together, including the women and children of their Empire, the Vandals and Visigoths and other various 'barbarians' ('Russo') which would have included U5a1a populations.

Haplogroup U5a1a: "a lineage within haplogroup U5-arose in Europe less than 20,000 years ago, and is mainly found in northwest and north-central Europe. The modern distribution of haplogroup U5a1a suggests that individuals bearing this haplogroup were part of the populations that had tracked the retreat of ice sheets from Europe."

(Family Tree DNA - Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd.)

"Mitochondrial DNA Affinities at the Atlantic Fringe of Europe"

U5a1a SC, Scotland; 0.023 - 2.3% FI, Finland; 0.020 - 2% CP, center Portugal; 0.019 - 1.9% SG, south Germany; 0.015 - 1.5% NG, north Germany; 0.014 - 1.4% NO, Norway; 0.012 - 1.2% SP, south Portugal; 0.010 - 1% FR, France; 0.005 - 0.5% NP, north Portugal; 0.005 - 0.5% EN, England; 0.004 - 0.4%

U5a1a NE, North Europe;  Central Europe; 9.1% BR, Britain;  Central Europe; 9.1% NE, North Europe;  BR, Britain; 7.3% NE, North Europe;  Iberian Peninsula; 3.3% BR, Britain;  Iberian Peninsula; 3.3% Central Europe;  Iberian Peninsula; 3.1% Iberian Peninsula;  NA, North Africa 2.4% BR, Britain;  NA, North Africa 1.0%

Ana M. Gonza´ lez,1* Antonio Brehm,2 Jose´ A. Pe´ rez,1 Nicole Maca-Meyer,1 Carlos Flores,1 and Vicente M. Cabrera1

 

Who was Ursula? According to Professor Sykes, Ursula was likely born about 45,000 years ago in the mountains of Greece. This time period is close to the beginning of the Ice Age. Ursula and her family likely encountered Neanderthals. Her people were slightly taller than Neanderthals and much slimmer, a trait that helped her ancestors adapt better to their previous homelands of the Middle East and Africa. Neanderthals were shorter and stockier, with large broad noses, built better for the colder weather of Europe where they resided for the past quarter million years. It is thought that Ursula's people did not "kill off" Neanderthals, but rather, they were a more social animal, and their communication skills allowed them to more efficiently gather and share the living supplies available in the new land. The average life expectancy at that time is estimated to be around 35 years. Both Sykes ("Seven Daughters of Eve") and Oppenheimer ("The Real Eve") agree that Ursula's Clan, and her mtDNA haplogroup U5, were the first permanent Homo sapiens in Europe. Today, the highest proportion of Ursula descendents are found in Scandinavia, Germany, and the area of the United Kingdom.

(Brian D. Hamman, Ph.D.)

Nordic - Viking - Russia - Scandinavian- Danish - Norwegian - Swedish - Germanic Vandals and Visigoths - Central Europe.

The Normans arrived in Palermo and Messina in the 1060s - populating the northern coast line of Sicily.

Dr. John Giovanni Raciti - Mitochondrial HVR I Sequence:

U5a1a: 16157C, 16192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16320T, 16399G

Antonina Jane Fuoti Raciti - Mitochondrial HVR I Sequence:

U5a1a: 16157C, 16192T, 16256T, 16270T, 16320T, 16399G

16157C
16192T
16256T
16270T
16320T
16399G

National Geographic - Genographic Project - IBM

U5a1a Matches:

Italy, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, Poland, England, Switzerland, Denmark, Sicily, Norway, Scotland, Netherlands, Ireland, Latvia, Isle of Man, United Kingdom, Slovakia, Lithuania.

Genetic Migration: u5a1a

U5a1a: Saami people: Norway, western Russia

U: Jordan, Egypt, Greece R: Russia

N: Turkey, Jordan, Israel, Egypt

L3: Ethiopia, Kenya

Email Jane on: janeraciti@yahoo.com

 

The Finns - Culture
 

Haplogroup U5a1a a lineage within haplogroup U5 arose in Europe less than 20,000 years ago, and is mainly

found in northwest and north-central Europe. The modern distribution of haplogroup U5a1a suggests that individuals bearing this haplogroup were part of the populations that had tracked the retreat of ice sheets from Europe.

http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/u/u5/index.html

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland
 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries

The terms Finns and Finnish people are used both to refer to an ethnic group historically associated

with Finland or Fennoscandia and to the present-day citizens or residents of Finland. Both terms may or may not be intended to include either Finland-Swedes (Finnish Swedophones), or Sweden-Finns (Finnish natives and immigrants in Sweden), or both, depending on context. Kvens (ethnic Finns in Norway), Tornedalians (ethnic Finns indigenous to northernmost Sweden) and evangelic-lutheran Ingrian Finns are typically considered to belong to the Finnish people. Karelians in the Republic of Karelia, or other Finnic peoples, seldom are. Finnic peoples (Fennic, sometimes

Baltic-Finnic) refer, particularly in present-day English usage of Finland and Estonia, to what are perceived as culturally related ethnic groups, i.e., the settled peoples speaking Balto-Finnic languages (Finnic languages), traditionally living in Karelia, Ingria, Estonia, Finland, northernmost Norway and northern Sweden. Similarly Finnic culture refers to their traditional farmer-hunter culture. The term "Finnic peoples" can thus be used to establish a contrast to the linguistically and culturally more distantly related Sami people (historically nomadic hunter-gatherers), but also to the surrounding Slavic peoples (Slavs), Baltic peoples (Balts), Scandinavians and other Germanic peoples (Germanics), i.e. linguistically unrelated peoples sharing Agriculturalism with the Finnics.
 

The terms Fennoscandia and Fenno-Scandinavia are used either to include the Scandinavian peninsula, the Kola peninsula, Karelia, Finland and Denmark under the same term alluding to the Fennoscandian Shield, even if Denmark actually resides on the North European Plain, or they may be used in a more cultural sense, more or less as a synonym for the Nordic countries, to signify the historically close contact between Finnic, Sami and other Scandinavian peoples and cultures. In fact at least two sources, The Germania by Roman Historian Tacitus, and a map in The Life of Charlemagne by Einhard, with a foreward by Sidney Painter support that the Fennoscandia of old-before the invasion into the north by Celts, Romans, and other Indo-Europeans--included England and much of northern Europe.

The Viking Age is the name of the period between 793 and 1066 AD in Scandinavia and Britain, following the Germanic Iron Age (and the Vendel Age in Sweden). During this period, the Vikings, Scandinavian warriors, leidangs and traders,

raided and explored most parts of Europe, south-western Asia, northern Africa and north-eastern North America. Apart from exploring Europe by way of its oceans and rivers with the aid of their advanced navigational skills and extending their trading routes across vast parts of the continent, they also engaged in warfare and looted and enslaved numerous Christian communities of Medieval Europe for centuries, contributing to the development of feudal systems in Europe, which included castles and barons (which were a defense against Viking raids).

Viking society was based on agriculture and trade with other peoples and placed great emphasis on the concept of honour both in combat and in the criminal justice system. It is unknown what triggered the Vikings' expansion and conquests, but historians have suggested that technological innovations imported from Mediterranean civilizations along with a milder climate led to population growth due to a long period of good crops. Another factor was the destruction of the Frisian fleet by Charlemagne around 785, which interrupted the flow of many trading goods from Central Europe to Scandinavia and led the Vikings to come looking for it themselves.
 

The beginning of the Viking Age is commonly given as 793, when Vikings raided the important British island monastery  of Lindisfarne (although a minor incursion was recorded in 787); and the end of the Viking Age is traditionally marked by the failed invasion of England, attempted by Harald Hardrade, who was defeated by the Saxon king Harold Godwinson (himself an Anglicised Viking), in 1066. Godwinson himself was next defeated that same year by another Viking descendant, William, Duke of Normandy (Normandy had itself been acquired by Vikings (Normans) in 911).
 

The clinker-built longships used by the Scandinavians were uniquely suited to both deep and shallow waters, and thus extended the reach of Norse raiders, traders and settlers not only along coastlines, but also along the major river valleys of north-western Europe. Rurik also expanded to the east, and founded the first Russian state, with a capital at Novgorod, (which means, "new city"). According to one author, the word "Rus" originally meant "Viking raider", as distinct from the native slavic peoples. Other Norse people, particularly those from the area that is now modern-day Sweden, continued south on Russian rivers to the Black Sea and then on to Constantinople (which had been established in 667 B.C., and was re-named Constantinople in 330 A.D. by Constantine the Great). Whenever these viking ships would run aground in shallow waters, the Vikings would reportedly turn them on their sides and drag them across the land, into deeper waters. France, the Kingdom of the Franks" (a Germanic tribe who settled in Gaul, after the fall of the Roman Empire, and whose famous King was Charlemagne, who had re-united the Kingdom by 771), was particularly hard-hit by these raiders, who could sail down the Seine River with near impunity. The region now known as Normandy (after the Viking "Norsemen, men from the north") was profoundly disrupted during this period. In 911, the French king, Charles the Simple, was able to make an agreement with the Viking warleader Hrolf Ganger, later called Rollo. Charles gave Hrolf the title of duke, and granted him and his followers possession of Normandy. In return, Hrolf swore fealty to Charles, converted to Christianity, and undertook to defend the northern region of France against the incursions of other Viking groups. The results were, in a historical sense, rather ironic: several generations later, the Norman descendants of these Viking settlers not only thereafter identified themselves as French, but carried the French language, and their variant of the French culture into England in 1066, after the Norman Conquest, and became the ruling aristocracy of Anglo-Saxon England. These Norman Viking descendants, although converting to Christianity, maintained their warlike nature, and eventually adopted chivalry, which joined learning to fight on horseback (like their Moorish enemies in Spain) with becoming knights or "holy warriors" of the Cross. One of their pass-times was jousting, or tournaments of armored knights fighting with lances (the Celtic "lancia") on horse-back. The Normans (adapted from the name "Northmen" or "Norsemen") were a mixture of the indigenous people of France and the Viking invaders under the leadership of Hrolf Ganger, who adopted the French name Rollo and swore allegiance to the king of France (Charles the Simple). Danish or Norwegian Vikings began to occupy the northern area of France now known as Normandy in the latter half of the 9th century. In 911, Charles granted them the small lower Seine area, which expanded over time to become the Duchy of Normandy. The Norman people adopted Christianity and the Gallo Romance language and created a new cultural identity separate from that of their Scandinavian forebears and French neighbours. Norman culture, like that of many other migrant communities, was particularly enterprising and adaptable. For a time, it led them to occupy widely dispersed territories throughout Europe. The "Norman King", Roger II who ruled Sicily and southern Italy - we must be grateful to Roger for the creation of a historical work which also included the Finns and the fact that we know a little more about our past. It seems that the museum departments and Swedophile foundations of the nineties are not as culture friendly. To them it would be an abomination if the Finns became conscious of their own history. The Normans were eventually able to capture Sicily and Malta from the Saracens under the famous Robert Guiscard, a Hauteville, and his young brother Roger the Great Count. Roger's son, Roger II, was crowned king in 1130 (exactly one century after Rainulf was "crowned" count) by Pope Anacletus II. The kingdom of Sicily lasted until 1194, when it fell to the Hohenstaufens through marriage. The Normans left their mark however in the many castles, such as the Iron Arm's fortress at Squillace, and cathedrals, such as Roger II's at Cefalù, which dot the landscape and give a wholly distinct architectural flavour to accompany its unique history.

 

Our Recent Ancestral Origins and Haplogroup Membership:

 

JOHN RACITI'S - Nordic and Celtic (Iberian) DNA Project Group Administrator

 

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Nordic-Celtic
 

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Sicily
 

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/MessinaProvinceofSicily
 

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/r1b
 

http://www.worldfamilies.net/surnames/u/u5
 

http://www.mitosearch.org/search_view.asp?uid=&viewuid=87FNT&p=1
 

http://www.mitosearch.org/search_view.asp?uid=&viewuid=UMARG&p=1

http://www.ysearch.org/haplosearch_view.asp?haplo=R1b1&viewuid=SW5YQ&p=0

Different genetic components in the Norway / Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms

U5a1a

 

Norway / Norwegian Population -

 

http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf

Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool

U5 is very likely to be of indigenous European origin (see above). Within U5, types that qualified as founders could have back-migrated into the Near East sufficiently long ago to have contributed to subsequent dispersals into Europe (as, e.g., the root types of U5a1 or U5a1a), or they may represent cases in which the founder criteria have not winnowed out simple backmigrants. U5a1 and U5a1a lineages in Europe may, therefore, have been derived from either indigenous European or redispersing Near Eastern types. (Although this may be true for U5a1a, U5a1 is an implausible founder cluster, since its “Near Eastern” distribution is accounted for primarily by the southern Caucasus, where only a few derived types occur.

http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Richards2000.pdf

Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool Founder Analysis

Identification of founders. A total of 2,736 of 2,804 lineages in Europe could be assigned to haplogroups of western-Eurasian origin; of the remaining 68, lineages, there were likely members of African (19), north-African (6), and eastern-Eurasian (22) clusters, the remainder being either members of R (7), ambiguous between (African) L3* and (Eurasian) N* (11), or unclassified (3).Table 2 shows all of the candidate types for European founders, as well as their founder status under the various founder criteria. There were 210 founder-candidate types. Of these, 134 were types shared by Europe and the Near East, and the remaining 76 were inferred matches. A total of 134 founders were identified by use of the f1 criterion; 58 by the more stringent, f2 criterion; and 106 by the more flexible, fs criterion. Under the fs criterion only, the root types of both haplogroup V and haplogroup U5 were excluded as founders. U5 is very likely to be of indigenous European origin (see above). Within U5, types that qualified as founders could have back-migrated into the Near East sufficiently long ago to have contributed to subsequent dispersals into Europe (as, e.g., the root types of U5a1 or U5a1a), or they may represent cases in which the founder criteria have not winnowed out simple back-migrants. U5a1 and U5a1a lineages in Europe may, therefore, have been derived from either indigenous European or redispersing Near Eastern types. (Although this may be true for U5a1a, U5a1 is an implausible founder cluster, since its Near Eastern distribution is accounted for primarily by the southern Caucasus, where only a few derived types occur. Since related derived types are also quite common in the northern Caucasus, U5a1 seems likely to have arrived from Europe via the northern Caucasus, fairly recently. This being the case, the analysis would provide a better estimate for the EUP component than would be provided by fs.) Haplogroup V is also thought likely to have evolved in Europe (Torroni et al. 1998), and, again, a number of the Near Eastern V sequence types could be identified as derivatives of European types. This outcome suggests that the fs criterion indeed performs better than the threshold criteria f1 and f2. The analysis, performed by applying the fs criterion when the more peripheral Near Eastern populations (Egyptians, Turks, Kurds, Armenians, and Azeris) are excluded, resulted in 72 founders.

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1288566

 

Proposed origin of the surname Rossi - Russo

The Varangians

The origin of the surname Rossi is, for the most part, explained as describing a red haired or ruddy complexioned individual. It is my belief that while this origin may be partially true, it is not the whole story as it relates to people taking Rossi as a surname. My hypothesis is that the surname came into existence as a result of a number of individuals being described and/or describing themselves as Rossi, coming from a group of people known historically as the Rus or, alternatively Ros, among a variety of similar names. Rossi would be the Latin version describing these people. I believe the surname Rossi describes those that were called, variously, the Rus, Ros, Ross, Rusi or Rhos and whose origin is partially Scandinavian. These people also formed part of those known as the Varangians. They were the Eastern Vikings.

Who were the Rus? I am accumulating some good information regarding my hypothesis. My reasoning draws from a variety of disciplines and sources. I hope interested parties will help to either confirm or refute my arguments. You will see changes and additions often. I now have a forum located on the main page for us to discuss this information and other ideas. Keep in mind to search the documents below quickly by searching on Ross or Ros or Rossi. The Ros, Rus, Rusi, Ross, Rhos etc. were the same people – these names described Scandinavian and some indigenous Finnish and Slavic tribal combination. German and Scandinavian tribes were often described throughout historical documents using the same form as derived for Rossi, such as: Dani, Alemanni, Eruli, Germani, Chauci, Cimbri, Suebi, and so forth.

http://www.clanrossi.com/OriginsofRossi.htm

Ursula (U5a1a) Descendents Today

Percentage of population belonging to U5a1a haplogroup
Haplogroup: U5a1a

SC - Scotland: 2.3 %
FI - Finland: 2.0 %
CP - Central Portugal: 1.9 %
SG - South Germany: 1.5 %
NG - North Germany: 1.4 %
NO - Norway: 1.2 %
SP - South Portugal: 1.0 %
FR - France: 0.5 %
NP - North Portugal: 0.5 %
EN - England: 0.4 %

http://www.brian-hamman.com/WhereAreUrsulaDescendentsFoundToday.htm

(from Gonzalez et al., 2003, Am. J. Phys. Anthro., 119:391-404).


R1b1c/R1b1c9a

Y-Chromosome (Paternal) - Belgae R1b STR cluster - Belgae DNA Modal

Haplogroup R1b1 - is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype (First Appeared: 35,000 years ago).

http://www.johnraciti.com.au/dna/dna_R1b.html

The Patriarch - Celtic - Gaul - Belgae R1b STR cluster - Belgae DNA Modal

R1b M269 Aurignacian culture

Glacial Refugia Linked to R1b Markers?

The three proposed Glacial Refugia in Europe - in the 1). Franco - Cantabrian area, 2). Italy, and 3). the Balkans.

One of the three primary groups of R1b at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum - one who occupied The Central Italian Refugium.

As the ice retreated the Italian R1b included S28 and S21, some of who stayed locally, and some who moved across the Alps into Germany and Denmark and some as far west as Spain with the Visigoths.

Is it possible that S21 wintered in Italy and upon the warming circa 12,000 years ago some stayed and moved south to Sicily.

(David Faux)

I am a member of a very exclusive club - Italian R1b's (R1b1).

S21 may represent those R1b's whose ancestors overwintered during the Last Glacial Maximum in an Italian refugium.

Three different primary groups of R1b

The glacial refugia hypothesis indicates that during the height of the Pleistocene glaciations the temperate species that are today widespread in western Europe must have survived in small and climatically favourable areas located in the southern peninsulas of Iberia, Italy and Balkans.

This could explain why we have three different primary groups of R1b at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum who occupied the southern peninsulas of Iberia, Italy and Balkans Refugium.

== John Raciti's Belgae DNA Modal & Nordic-Celtic Project ==

John Raciti's - Belgae R1b STR cluster - Belgae DNA Modal through my Nordic-Celtic DNA project (1012 members).

http://www.ysearch.org/lastname_view.asp?uid=&letter=&lastname=Belgae&viewuid=AX6GA&p=0

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Nordic-Celtic

R1b1c9a aka S26+ S26 (aka Null DYS439, Little or L1 SNP)

Origins: Angles, Saxons, Frisian, Jutes, French or Norman, Belgae, Atrebates, Frisians, Merowingians.

R1b1c9 Northern Germanic (S21)

The current hypothesis is that S21+ is an early mutation within R1b that was geographically European in localization. In more recent times in Britain it represents an “invader” origin, specifically in post Roman times it is most likely associated with Angles, Saxons, Jutes and maybe Normans. S21 has been geographically associated with the so-called “Frisian” R1b STR cluster. L1 appears to be somewhat different from that STR cluster. However, it shares characteristics with its distribution within Britain. Its age and diversity (predating the Anglosaxon invasions) also suggest that it has originated from a larger population that has yet been unsampled or only poorly sampled from Europe. On a speculative note it may indicate French or Norman origins as distinct from Northern European.

The L1 SNP is likely to be a subclade of the S21 positive group. It has a different STR profile that the majority of S21 positive individuals identified to date, which belong to the R1bSTR22Frisian group. However, its distribution in England shows some similarities to the expected historic spread of Angles and Saxons although further work is required. Its age is estimated as being after S21 and before the age of the Roman empire. Its diversity and age suggest that this grouping may be present on the continent in some as yet unsampled geographical location.

http://www.geocities.com/mcewanjc/l1.htm

M343 - P25 - R1b1 - R1b1c - R1b3 - R-M269 (Haplogroup R1b): Originated in the Iberian peninsula and spread throughout Western Europe through the Pyrenees as well as remaining within Spain and Portugal. Some of the more successful members of R1b had several male children, who in turn, also had several male children, who continued to populate Western Europe throughout Germany, Poland and spreading into the Scandinavian regions as well. Since Sicily has been under the control of many Western European countries, France and Spain, eg: the result could indicate ancestry from one of those regions.

The Aurignacians - migrated to Italy from there west via the Riviera across the Pyrenees Mountains to El Castillo in Northern Spain by approximately 37,000 years ago.

(Family Tree DNA - Genealogy by Genetics, Ltd.)

Cro-Magnon man , an early Homo sapiens (the species to which modern humans belong) that lived about 40,000 years ago. Skeletal remains and associated artifacts of the of the Aurignacian culture were first found in 1868 in Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France. Later discoveries were made in a number of caverns in the Dordogne valley, Solutré, and in Spain, Germany, and central Europe. Cro-Magnon man was anatomically identical to modern humans, but differed significantly from Neanderthals (see Neanderthal man), who disappear in the fossil about 10,000 years after the appearance of Aurignacian and other upper Paleolithic populations (e.g. the Perigordian culture). The abrupt disappearance of Neanderthal populations and the associated Mousterian technologies, the sudden appearance of modern Homo sapiens (who had arisen earlier in Africa and migrated to Europe) and the associated upper Paleolithic technologies, and the absence of transitional anatomical or technological forms have led most researchers to conclude that Neanderthals were driven to extinction through competition with Cro-Magnon or related populations. Greater linguistic competence and cultural sophistication are often suggested as characteristics tilting the competitive balance in favor of upper Paleolithic groups. Finely crafted stone and bone tools, shell and ivory jewelry, and polychrome paintings found on cave walls all testify to the cultural advancement of Cro-Magnon man.

M343 - P25 - R1b1 - R1b1c - R1b3 - R-M269 is a genetic marker, announced in 2004/05, which defines a specific Y chromosome binary polymorphism. It now defines the Y chromosome haplogroup R1b (prevously known as Hg1 and Eu18). This genetic marker is carried by most Western Europeans. It is carried by 70% of the entire population of England and 90% of some parts of Spain and Ireland and is also descended from the Cro-Magnon.

This marker is estimated to have originated in an individual male in Africa 30,000 or more years ago and has propigated since then to the population mentioned. [Actually, the marker is descended from one that originated in Central Asia, not Africa. It also is said that Europeans within R1 haplogroup descended from ten men whose roots go back to M9 somewhere on the Khirgan steppes when a great division of people went their own ways to the east, north and west. Mention in particular is made of a person called the "patriarch" who lived some 35,000 years ago in Northern Spain or Southern France who is the ancestor of the R1b haplogroup. R1b associates strongly with early cro-magnon man.

The term AMH (Atlantic Modal Haplogroup) is associated with R1b M343 - P25 - R1b1 - R1b1c - R1b3 - R-M269 as well the Bell Beaker culture of western Europe and the changing of wooden henges to stone throughout western Europe along the Atlantic seaboard. Typical weapons were daggers, bows and arrows in comparison to the Corded Ware culture with battle axes which is possibly associated with R1a1a lines.

R1b M343 - P25 - R1b1 - R1b1c - R1b3 - R-M269 probably wintered in Iberia (modern day Spain) during the Great Ice Age of modern man and it is from this region the richest cave artistry is found. Of note is the significance of the skill of archery is attested in the caves of Spain and southern France and this perhaps ties in with R1b M343 - P25 - R1b1 - R1b1c - R1b3 - R-M269 and ancient Bell Beaker cultures even if separated by a few thousand years.

(WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION)

12 Marker Y-DNA – Dr. John Giovanni Raciti

Kit N12956 R1b1 (1st round: R1b-100/Q-50, 2nd round: R1b-100/Q-20) P25

DYS393 = 13
DYS19/394 = 14
DYS391 = 11
DYS439 = 12
DYS389-1 = 13
DYS389-2 = 29
DYS388 = 12
DYS390 = 24
DYS426 = 12
DYS385a = 11
DYS385b = 14
DYS392 = 13


National Geographic - Genographic Project - IBM

My R1b Exact Matches are found in the following countries:

Belgium 7%
Pyrenees, Spain 6%
Brescia, Italy 6%
Wales 6%
Azores 6%
Galicia 5%
British Isles 5%
Birmingham, UK 5%
Ireland 5%
Netherlands 5%
Leuven, Belgium 4%
Great Britain 4%
Isle of Man 4%
Scotland 4%
England 3%
France 3%
Iceland 3%
Ireland 3%
Portugal 3%
Spain 3%
United Kingdom 3%
Northern Portugal 3%

John Giovanni Raciti Caggegi - DNA Exact Matches - M269-R1b1c (R1b3):

R1b1 - England - 9
R1b1 - United Kingdom - 5
R1b1 - Scotland - 5
R1b1 - Germany - 4
R1b1 - Iceland - 4
R1b1 - Ireland - 3
R1b1 - Wales - 2
R1b1 - British Isles - 1
R1b1 - England - Anglo-Celt - 1
R1b1 - France - 1
R1b1 - Great Britain - 1
R1b1 - Hungary - 1
R1b1 - Norway - 1
R1b1 - Portugal - 1
R1b1 - Shetland - 1
R1b1 - Spain - 1
R1b1 - Spain Basque - 1
R1b1c - British Isles - 1

R1b1c Matches:

Netherlands, Wales, Spain, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, United Kingdom, Greece, France, England, Italy, Germany, Ireland, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Austria.

Genetic Migration: R1b1c

R1b - M343: Ireland, Spain, England, Italy, Balkans

M173: England, Macedonia, Slovenia, Ireland, northern France, British Isles

M45: Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, southern Siberia

M9: Pakistan, Kashmir

M89: Egypt, Yemen, Bahrain

M168: Ethiopia, Sudan

 

Concerning the S series, one of these markers, S21, is common, with approximately 20% of tested Western European origin M269-carrying men also being within the new S21 subgroup - from Italy north to Shetland. It appears to be the most informative marker downstream of M269 yet discovered and in Britain would be an indicator of "invader" status.

- a signal of Anglo – Saxon or "invader" heritage. Sicily Project: R1b - an indicator of "invader" Anglo–Saxon status? Lombards - the "long beard" The Germans that invaded the Italian peninsula in the 6th century and settled in northern Italy had become, by the 11th century, Italian/Latin in every cultural sense of the word. They spoke Romance dialects and adopted legal systems comparable to those existing throughout the Italian peninsula. They were entirely assimilated into Italian society. They practiced Roman Catholicism and continued to practice it after the Great East-West Schism in the Church. While they sprung from Germanic tribes centuries earlier, 11th century Lombards would have considered Germans as foreign to them as Greeks. They were consciously invited by the Norman rulers to settle in Sicily for the very purpose of latinizing the island. This had the intended effect of displacing (perhaps a euphemism for "slaughtering") the Arabic-speaking Muslim North Africans who comprised a *majority* of the Sicilian population at the time of the Norman conquest. Until the Normans arrived, Sicily had much more in common with North Africa than Latin Europe. Feudalism - Feudal of Caggegi / Caggeggi Group Soccorso,ha origini molto antiche. Fino al 1845 era costituito da due villaggi,Soccorso Gradera (o Gaedera) e Soccorso Cròpani, unificati per decreto di Ferdinando II di Borbone e assegnati al comune di Gualtieri Sicaminò. Il nome del casale Gaedera è citato in un documento del 1195 col quale Enrico VI di Svevia conferma al monastero cistercense di Roccamatore (Tremestieri) la donazione dei tre feudi di Campo, Caggeggi e Paparcudi fatta da Bartolomeo de Lucy,conte di Paternò. Tutt'oggi la zona di Soccorso corrispondente all'antico casale di Gaedera viene indicata col nome di Casale Vecchio. La parrocchia di Santa Maria dell'Itria di Gaedera, istituita nel 1600,aveva giurisdizione spirituale su un territorio vastissimo che comprendeva i feudi di Sicaminò, Campo, Caggeggi, Paparcudi, Camastrà, Cattafi e Pace. Sul territorio di Cròpani, invece, l'unica notizia in nostro possesso è quella tramandataci dal Barberi che cita una donazione fatta nel 1936 dal re Martino e dalla regina Maria a favore di Ludovico D'Aragona, allora Maestro Razionale del Regno. La chiesa intitolata a Santa Maria del Soccorso esisteva già nel 1560. Ma fu solo nel 1632 che monsignor Vincenzo Firmatura, abate di S. Lucia, elesse la Madonna del Soccorso la Santa patrona del casale,fissandone la festa al 22 agosto. Nel 1650, Soccorso passò per un secolo dalla giurisdizione ecclesiastica della Prelatura di Santa Lucia del Mela a quella dell'Arcidiocesi di Messina.

Aid, has ancient origins much. Until 1845 it was constituted from two villages,Aid Gradera (or Gaedera) and Cròpani Aid, unifica you for decree of Ferdinand II of Borbone and assigns you to the common one of Gualtieri Sicaminò. The name of the Gaedera country house is cited in a document of 1195 with which the Enrico YOU of Svevia confirmation to the monastero cistercense of Roccamatore (Tremestieri) la donation of the three feudi of Field, Caggeggi and Paparcudi made from Bartolomeo de Lucy,conte of Paternò. Tutt' today the zone of Aid correspondent to the ancient country house of Gaedera comes indicated with the name of Old Country house. The parish of Saint Maria of the Itria di Gaedera, instituted in 1600, had spiritual jurisdiction on the immensest territory that comprised the feudi of Sicaminò, Field, Caggeggi, Paparcudi, Camastrà, Cattafi and Pace. On the territory of Cròpani, instead, the only news in our possession is that one handed on to us from the Barbs that a donation made in the 1936 from the king Martino and Queen Maria in favor of Ludovico Of Aragon cites, then Master Rations them of the Reign. The entitled church to Saint Maria of the Aid existed already in 1560. But it was alone in the 1632 that monsignor Vincenzo Firmatura, Abbot of S. Lucia, elesse the Madonna of the Aid the Saint female saint of the country house, fixing some festivity to 22 August. In 1650, Aid passed for a century from the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Prelatura di Santa Lucia of the Apple to that one of the Archdiocese of Messina.

I believe that my Y-Chromosome has originated in the Iberian peninsula and spread throughout Western Europe through the Pyrenees, Spain (Iberian-Celtic). Then my Y-Chromosome has slowly migrated to France, Italy then into Sicily.

The Normans arrived in Gaggi, Sicily in the 1060s. We slowly moved into Francavilla then into Randazzo - where there is a road / a via-way named after my Y-Chromosome 'Caggegi' in Randazzo CT Catania.

I am a Caggegi by blood (Grandfather's father). I am an R1b member. My name has derived from a name of the small town 'Gaggi' in Messina. The name is derived from an Arabic word Hagg and means "pilgrim". I am a Norman Sicilian that has come from Scaggi or Kaggi, Messina. We slowly migrated to Francavilla then into Randazzo - Via Dei Caggegi.

Scaggi - Kaggi

The name of the small town 'Gaggi' derives from Arabic Hagg and means "pilgrim". It has been changed in the Norman period into Scaggi and later into Kaggi and such it has remained till 1939. The village was founded by Muslims in the 9th century and it was later dominated by Swabians-Normans. During Norman domination it was given by Roger II to the Monastery of Savoca. Later, till 1639 has been a part of Taormina. Then it has belonged to some feudal families: Berriles, princes Branciforte of Scordia and to marquises De Spuches and it has been in their possession until 1760.

Norman domination = R1b

(Reti e Sistemi Srl)

The Aurignacian culture

The members of R1b3 (or R-M269, formerly known as R1b) are believed to be the descendants of the first modern humans who entered Europe about 35,000-40,000 years ago (Aurignacian culture). Those R1b3 forebearers were the people who painted the beautiful art in the caves in Spain and France. They were the modern humans who were the contemporaries - and perhaps exterminators - of the European Neanderthals.

If The Aurignacian culture are members of H1 - R1b - R1b3 - R-M269...

They found an Aurignacian site in Fontana Nuova di Ragusa in Sicily. This could be the oldest culture found in Sicily to date.

I believe The Aurignacian culture is the earliest natives of the island of Sicily. They possible came from France and entered from the north of Italy.

The Sicani - The Aurignacian Culture

The Sicani (Greek Sikanoi) were an ancient people of Italy and Sicily. Thucydides (6.2) writes that, after the Cyclopes and Laestrygones, the Sicani were the next to settle in Italy. They had earlier dwelt in Iberia near the river Sicanus but were driven from thence by the Ligurians. However, since Thucydides extends Iberia as far east as the Rhone, Sicanus may in fact have been a river in Gaul (some propose that Sicanus corresponds to the river Sequana, the modern Seine).

Could The Sicani be related to The Aurignacian Culture - found in Iberia near the river Sicanus?

The Peloponnesian War and it's H1 R1b R1b3 R-M269 Legacy

Could The Sicani be related to The Aurignacian Culture - found in Iberia near the river Sicanus in Spain?

If so, Hg1 R1b R1b3 R-M269 members from Sicily - could well be related to earliest settlers The Sicani. This in a sense makes us native to the island. We could very well be native Sicilians - Pre-Historic natives.

"The Sicaneans were reputed to be the first inhabitants of Sicily, they built little Villages or Towns upon hills, and every Town had its own King; and by this means they spread over the country, before they formed themselves into larger governments with a common King: Philistus [216] saith that they were transplanted into Sicily from the River Sicanus in Spain; and Dionysius [217], that they were a Spanish people who fled from the Ligures in Italy; he means the Ligures [218] who opposed Hercules when he returned from his expedition against Geryon in Spain, and endeavoured to pass the Alps out of Gaul into Italy. Hercules that year got into Italy, and made some conquests there, and founded the city Croton; and [219] after winter, upon the arrival of his fleet from Erythra in Spain, sailed to Sicily, and there left the Sicani: for it was his custom to recruit his army with conquered people, and after they had assisted him in making new conquests to reward them with new seats: this was the Egyptian Hercules, who had a potent fleet, and in the days of Solomon sailed to the Straits, and according to his custom set up pillars there, and conquered Geryon, and returned back by Italy and Sicily to Egypt, and was by the ancient Gauls called Ogmius, and by Egyptians [220] Nilus: for Erythra and the country of Geryon were without the Straits. Dionysius [221] represents this Hercules contemporary to Evander."

.... The Sicanians appear to have been the next settlers, although they pretend to have been the first of all and aborigines; but the facts show that they were Iberians, driven by the Ligurians from the river Sicanus in Iberia. It was from them that the island, before called Trinacria, took its name of Sicania, and to the present day they inhabit the west of Sicily....

THUCYDIDES, HISTORY OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS (VOL.II - BOOK VI): "It [Sicily] was inhabited in old time, thus; and these were the nations that held it. Cyclopes and Læstrigones. The most ancient inhabitants in a part thereof, are said to have been the Cyclopes and Læstrigones: of whose stock, and whence they came or to what place they removed, I have nothing to say. Let that suffice which the poets have spoken, and which every particular man hath learned of them. Sicanians.After them, the first that appear to have dwelt therein, are the Sicanians, as they say themselves; nay, before the other, as being the natural breed of the island. But the truth is, they were Iberians; and driven away by the Ligyans [Ligurians] from the banks of Sicanus [Júcar River in Valencia], a river on which they were seated in Iberia. Sicania, Trinacria. And the island from them came to be called Sicania, which was before Trinacria. And these [two] inhabit yet in the western parts of Sicily. Trojans. After the taking of Ilium certain Trojans, escaping the hands of the Grecians, landed with small boats in Sicily: and having planted themselves on the borders of the Sicanians, both the nations in one were called Elymi; and their cities were Eryx and Egesta. Hard by these came and dwelled also certain Phoceans, who coming from Troy, were by tempest carried first into Afric, and thence into Sicily. Siculi. But the Siculi passed out of Italy, (for there they inhabited), flying from the Opici [Oscans], having, as is most likely and as it is reported, observed the strait, and with a fore wind gotten over in boats which they made suddenly on the occasion, or perhaps by some other means. There is at this day a people in Italy called Siculi."

The Sicanians appear to have succeeded these early races, although according to their own account they were still older; for they profess to have been children of the soil. But the fact proves to be that they were Iberians, and were driven from the river Sicanus in Iberia by the Ligurians. Sicily, which was originally called Trinacria, received from them the name Sicania. To this day the Sicanians inhabit the western parts of the island. (3) After the capture of Troy, some Trojans who had escaped from the Achaeans came in ships to Sicily; they settled near the Sicanians, and took the common name of Elymi but had two separate cities, Eryx and Egesta THUCYDIDES

Aurignacian Culture - Ibero-Sicanians Culture Sicanians Culture

Are The Aurignacians the oldest settlers of the latium (it is to say of the peninsula Thyrrenian or Italian)?

Or was Virgilius wrong...

Virgilius considered to the Ibero-Sicanians as the oldest settlers of the latium (it is to say of the peninsula Thyrrenian or Italian)

Servius, in its "Antiques of the Latium or of Italy", affirms that "old" the Ibero-Sicanes "was the first inhabitants of the same city that later got to dominate the world". It affirms Servius that the Ibero-Sicanians, was the first colonizadores of old Rome.

Plinius, also confirms the data of the colonization of the Ibero-Sicanians on the Thyrrenian.

According to Denys Halicarnasse, the Ibero-Sycanians was allied with the Pelasges and Tursanes (Etruscians) to fight against the Ombrios, Sicules and other towns egeans. According to this same author, the Ibero-Sicanians was those that gave name to the Tiber river and the old city of Tibur in the peninsula of the Latium or Thyrrenian.

Thucydides, affirms that ibero-sicanians when they colonized Sicily, they called Sicania, and thus he appears attested by Homero in his Odyssey, which confirms that the colonizations that made the Iberians in the direction of the interior of the Mediterranean, that is to say, towards the East, until the Thyrrenia and Asia, it was long before the times of Homero, and before the Phoenicians arrived at Iberia.

Since we have verified previously, existed a tradition rather hard on the origin iberian of ibero-sicanians that is, of the Sicanians; then in this fragment of the Odissea de Homero, one affirms that a city or a place of Sicania came from Alyba.

Alyba or Alybê was some place near Troy (TROY - TRUVA - 4000 years old Ancient City) Clearly The Aurignacian Culture pre-dates the Ibero-Sicanians Sicanians Culture found in Fontana Nuova di Ragusa in Sicily.

Upper Palaeolithic Sicilians - The Aurignacian culture

Could the Aurignacian culture be the first in Sicily?

If so, R1b3 R-M269 could well be the oldest Haplogroup found in Sicily.

Aurignacian A flint industry of Upper Palaeolithic type (c. 35,000 - 25,000 BC), named after a settlement discovered in 1860 in a cave at Aurignac (Haute Garonne), in Southern France. The maker of this culture is Cro Magnon man (Hommo sapiens fossilis). In France it is stratified between the Châtelperronian and the Gravettian, but industries of Aurignacian type are found eastwards to the Balkans, Palestine, Iran and Afghanistan. Bone points with split bases are diagnostic of the earliest Aurignacian, and in the west this is the period of the first Cave Art. At the Abripataud there is a radiocarbon date of pre-31000 B.C. for the Aurignacian, but there are possibly earlier occurrences in central and southeast Europe ( Istallosko in Hungary and Bacho Kiro in Bulgaria). Early Aurignacian was discovered in Northern Romania (Maramure? region and Northern Moldavia), while Middle Aurignacian is spread all over the territory of present Romania as part of Middle Aurignacian of Central Europe.

The distribution of Parietal art is different from that of mobile art. However, where clusters of mobile art occurred in Central and Eastern Europe, an abundance of cave art occurs in the Périgord, the French Pyrenees and Cantabrian Spain (Bahn and Vertut 1988:35). Their distribution stretches from Portugal and southern Spain to the north of France. Eastern France does not have cave art, except along the Mediterranean through Sicily and Italy to the former western Yugoslavia and Romania (Bahn and Vertut 1988:35).

Suzanne Carr - UPPER PALAEOLITHIC ART

Palaeolithic decorated caves are found from Portugal and southern Spain to northern France. Their occurrence is equally patchy, though it is most abundant in areas rich in decorated objects: chief among these areas are the Périgord, the French Pyrenees, and Cantabrian Spain. There are concentrations in Italy and Sicily and a handful of caves are also known in south-western Germany, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Russia. The current total for Eurasia is about 280 sites. Some contain only one or a few figures, while others, like Lascaux or Les Trois Frères in France, have many hundreds. However, in recent years it has become apparent that Palaeolithic people also decorated rocks in the open air. In exceptional circumstances this rock art has survived: so far, engravings that are Palaeolithic in style have been found at six sites in Spain, Portugal, and the French Pyrenees. Cave art is therefore not typical of Palaeolithic art in general; caves are merely the places where most art has survived.

In recent years analyses of minute amounts of pigment from drawings and paintings on the walls of caves show that in many cases the pigment contains charcoal. Radiocarbon dates (see Dating Methods) obtained from it suggest that the accumulation of figures on cave walls was episodic and complex, and sometimes spanned a long period.

Apart from sporadic occurrences of non-utilitarian objects in earlier periods, the earliest Eurasian Palaeolithic art occurs in the Aurignacian period, 32,000 years ago. It takes the form of animal and human figurines carved from ivory and stone, excavated at sites in south-western Germany and Austria, and also in the remarkably sophisticated paintings in the newly discovered cave of Chauvet in the Ardèche (France). Tests on charcoal from two figures of a woolly rhinoceros and one of a bison have produced dates of c. 30,000 to 32,000 years ago, making these the earliest dated paintings in the world. Palaeolithic art seems to peter out with the end of the Ice Age at the close of the Magdalenian period, c. 11,000 years ago.

ART OF THE HARROYAN PALEOLITHIC CIVILIZATION

An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic by MARGHERITA MUSSI

11000BC A Paleolithic burial in San Teodoro Cave, Sicily, revealed an arrowhead embedded in the pelvis bone of an adult female. Another arrowhead is known from the vertebra of a child buried in the Grotte des Enfants on the Italian coast.

Moustero-Aurignacian Palaeolithic Archers?

Reexamination of human bones from a 13,000-year-old Upper Palaeolithic burial in San Teodoro Cave, Sicily, has led to the startling discovery of a small fragment of flint, probably part of an arrowhead, embedded in the pelvis of what is thought to have been an adult female.

Palaeolithic Archers? Volume 50 Number 3, May/June 1997
by Paul G. Bahn

Reexamination of human bones from a 13,000-year-old Upper Palaeolithic burial in San Teodoro Cave, Sicily, has led to the startling discovery of a small fragment of flint, probably part of an arrowhead, embedded in the pelvis of what is thought to have been an adult female. There is widespread evidence of arrows in Eurasia and North Africa in the following Mesolithic period, including preserved arrow shafts from Stellmoor, Germany, dating to about 8500 B.C., but Palaeolithic evidence has been ambiguous. Arrowlike images on animals and humanoid figures in cave paintings could be spears or something else entirely.

Archaeologist P.-F. Fabbri of the Università degli Studi di Pisa made the discovery while studying the bones, which were excavated in 1942. The flint had passed through the soft tissue and penetrated the bone. The wound caused inflammation and an abscess, and finally thickening of the bone around the flint, all of which indicates the woman survived the injury. X-ray images showed that the flint was part of a small blade retouched along one side. Presumably the small flint, pointed or triangular in shape, was one of several set into the arrow shaft to form a point, known from Mesolithic examples. Judging by its size and shape, the flint is far more likely to have been an arrowhead than the tip of a spear. Another arrowhead is known from the vertebra of a child buried in the Grotte des Enfants, on the Italian coast, dating, like San Teodoro, to around 13,000 years ago. Dominique Gambier of Bordeaux University is studying that skeleton.

The two Italian arrowheads are the only known indications of interhuman violence in this period in Europe. A deep cut in a woman's skull from the French rock-shelter of Cro-Magnon is now known to have been caused by a workman's pick in 1868.

Email: Dr. John Raciti on: johnraciti@yahoo.com

Our Family Tree - Pedigree

Giovanni Raciti-Caggegi
Jane Fuoti-Raciti
Sarah Raciti
Rachel Raciti
Grazia Azzolina-Raciti

Our Family Crests Page

 

Santo Stefano di Camastra, Messina, Sicily, Italy: U5a1a

Randazzo, Catania, Sicily, Italy: R1b1c

 A list of 10 Celtic Tribes in Europe

at the time of The Roman

Empire found in Italy:
 

Caturiges

- North Italy

Ceutrones -

North Italy

Gaesatae

- North Italy

Insubres -

North Italy, Milan

Lepontii -

North Italy

Ligurians

- Ligures - North

Italy

Lingones

- Lingon - South

East France, East Italy

Senones  -

Middle - France,

North Italy

Tolosates

- Tolosa - North

Italy

Umbrians -

Umbri - Apennine

peninsula, Middle Italy
 

Regions:

CISALPINA - GAUL - AQUITANIA

The Y-chromosomes of populations of the so called Celtic countries have been found in one study to primarily belong to haplogroup R1B, which makes them descendants partially of the first people to migrate into north-western Europe after the last major ice age. According to the most recently published studies of European haplogroups, around half of the current male population of that portion of Eurasia is a descendant of the R1B haplogroup.
 

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Sicily
 

Celtic bands probably had penetrated into northern Italy from earlier times, the year 400 BC is generally accepted as the approximate date for the beginning of the great invasion of migrating Celtic tribes whose names Insubres, Boii, Senones, and Lingones were recorded by later Latin historians. Rome was sacked by Celts about 390, and raiding bands wandered about the whole peninsula and reached Sicily. The Celtic territory south of the Alps where they settled came to be known as Cisalpine Gaul (Gallia Cisalpina), and its warlike inhabitants remained an ever-constant menace to Rome until their defeat at Telamon in 225.

 

The Ligures (Ligurians) were an ancient people who gave their name to Liguria, which once stretched from Northern Italy into southern Gaul. The Ligures inhabited what now corresponds to Liguria, northern Tuscany, Piedmont, part of Lombardy, and parts of southeastern France. Classical references and toponomastics suggests that the Ligurian sphere once extended further into central Italy. It is not known for certain whether they were a pre-Indo-European people akin to Iberians; a separate Indo-European branch with Italic and Celtic affinities; or even a branch of the Celts. Kinship between the Ligures and Lepontii has also been proposed. The Ligures were assimilated by the Romans, and before that by the Gauls, producing a Celto-Ligurian culture.

Gallo-Romance languages

Lombard, Piedmontese,

Emilian-Romagnol, Venetian, Ligurian, Franco-Provencal

Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia

http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/HG_2004_v114_p127-148.pdf

 

Role of R1b3-M269 in the Aurignacian and Neolithic eras Haplogroup R1b3-M269 is one of the most common binary lineages observed in Turkey. The phylogenetic and spatial distribution of its equivalent in Europe (Cruciani et al. 2002), the R1-M173 (xM17) lineage for which considerable data exist (Semino et al. 2000a; Wells et al. 2001; Kivisild et al. 2003) implies that R1b3-M269 was well established throughout Paleolithic Europe, probably arriving from West Asia contemporaneous with Aurignacian culture. Although the phylogeographic pattern of R1b3 - M269 lineages in Europe suggest that R1-M173* ancestors first arrived from West Asia during the Upper Paleolithic, we cannot deduce if R1b3-M269 first entered Anatolia via the Bosporus isthmus or from an opposite eastward direction. However, archeological evidence supports the view of the arrival of Aurignacian culture to Anatolia from Europe during the Upper Paleolithic rather than from the Iranian plateau (Kuhn 2002).

The Molecular Dissection of mtDNA Haplogroup H Confirms That the Franco-Cantabrian Glacial Refuge Was a Major Source for the European Gene Pool

 

The Franco-Cantabrian refuge area was indeed the source of late-glacial expansions of hunter-gatherers that repopulated much of Central and Northern Europe. This picture, now supported by three of the clades of the mtDNA phylogeny, is also in perfect agreement with the synthetic map of the second principal component of variation in 95 classical genetic markers (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994), and the distributions of the Y-chromosome haplogroups R1b and I1b2 (Semino et al. 2000; Rootsi et al. 2004).

http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1182122

Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe

A geographic and genetic subdivision within the broad western refuge area, together with differences in initial sample size, genetic drift, and expansions, could also explain the quite different distribution of Hg I subhaplogroups with respect to the west-east decreasing gradient displayed by R1b, the most frequent subhaplogroup in western Europe.

http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1181996

PubMed Central (PMC) is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature.

Etymological meanings behind our surnames

Etimologia

Patti:

(First Name Origin and Meaning) Origin Latin Meaning Diminutive of Patricia: Noble. St. Patricia was a 7th century patron saint of Naples. Gender Female Patti: PATRICIA Gender: Feminine Usage: English, Spanish, Portuguese, Ancient Roman Pronounced: pa-TRISH-a (English), pah-TREE-syah (Spanish), pah-TREE-thyah (Spanish) [key] Feminine form of Patricius (PATRICK).

Todaro:

Theo THEODORE Gender: Masculine Pronounced: THEE-o-dor [key] From the Greek name (Theodoros), which meant "gift of god" from Greek (theos) "god" and (doron) "gift".

Russo:

RED Gender: Masculine Usage: English Pronounced: RED [key] Simply means "red" from the English word, derived from Old English read. It was originally a nickname given to a person with red hair or a red complexion.

Raciti:

RAIS: Gender: Masculine Usage: Arabic Other Scripts: Means "leader, chief" in Arabic.

Ricci, Rica:

Norse Forever strong. Female - Diminutive of Erica: Feminine form of Eric: Forever strong.

Caggegi:

Gallia - Origin French Meaning From Gaul. Gender Female

http://www.italyworldclub.com/genealogy/surnames/t.htm

Italian Surnames: TODARO: TEODORI, TODARI, TODARO,

TODARO:

From the first name Teodoro, derived from the Greek name "Theodoros" = gift of God

RUSSO:

ROSSI, ROSSO, ROSSA, RUSSI, RUSSO, RUGGIU, RUBIU, ROSSELLI, ROSSELLO, ROSSELLINI, RISSIELLO, ROSSILLO, ROSSETTI, ROSSETTO, ROSSETTINI, ROSSITTI, ROSSITTO, ROSSINI, ROSSINO, ROSSOTTI, ROSSOTTO, ROSSINI, ROSSONE, ROSSUTO, RUSSELLO, RUSSINO, RUSSOTTI, RUSSOTTO, RUSSIANI, RUSSOLILLO: Very common, derived from the nickname "rosso" = red, to indicate someone with red hair RUSSO - Name Meaning & Origin Definition: This southern Italian variation of the ROSSI surname which means "red-haired or ruddy-complexioned individual." Derived from the nickname "rosso," meaning ' red.' Surname Origin: Italian Alternate Surname Spellings: ROSSI, RUSSELLO, RUSSINO, RUSSOTTI, RUSSOTTO, RUSSIANI, RUSSOLILLO

Raciti: RIZIERO, RISIO:

From the first name Risio, abbreviation of Riziero. Or from Rizzo, Riccio to indicate someone who has curly hair.

Caggegi:

GALLO, GALLETTI, GALLI, GALLINI, GALLONI, GALLUCCI: Either an ethnic adjective, from the Gauls, a celtic population already present in Italy in Roman times, or a nickname from the animal, to point to an attitude of showing off, being vain, or a lover of too many women.

Caggegi:

Kaggi Keg (?), n. [Earlier cag, Icel. kaggi; akin to Sw. kagge.] A small cask or barrel.

Kaggi means Redbeard in Danish. Caggegi - Kaggi 'A man named Kaggi, the Danish name for Redbeard'.
I do have 4 Exact Matches in Denmark (R1b).

keg - 1452, from O.N. kaggi "keg, cask," of unknown origin. Specific sense of "barrel of beer" is from 1945. keg (n) A small barrel or cask. Ice kaggi (a keg), Swe kagga, Nor kagge (a keg, a round mass).
http://www.viking.no/e/england/e-viking_words_2.htm

Keg:
From Old Norse kaggi Seems like the Normans that went to Gaggi - changed even the Arabic meaning of the town. I could be related to a Norman (Danish) Red-Bearded or Keg maker, or A Norman how came from the town - Kaggi / Scaggi.

On the origin of the name Gaggi:

The Puzzollo I Seal in a vocabulary toponymic Sicilian Messinese, retains that the place name "Gaggi", you derive from the Arabic one "Karigi" that translated means "Channel of water". In the sicilian test of etymology, Giuseppe Gioeni translates the Arabic voice "Kaligi" with stream of water (torrentello), that derives from the limit Kalig, transformed in Galiggi and finally, in "Ga (them) ggi" become locally Gaggi. Such name from the Arabic, likely, was given to the locality where later on risen the country. Another version does to be derived Gaggi from the etimo "Kaggi" that means Head, a noble one Arabian that it is assumed have been based on the country. Scaggi: hamlet - village or home.

Keg: A small barrel or cask. Icelandic kaggi (a keg), Swedish kagga, Norwegian kagge (a keg, a round mass). http://www.viking.no/e/england/e-viking_words_2.htm

I have exact matches with: Iceland: 4 Sweden: 2 Norway: 3

Icelandic kaggi keg (kaggi, kútur, KVARTIL) kaggi, kútur kaggi, m. keg, cask, a nickname. kaggi (ON) 'keg': KEG.

http://www.chivalricorders.org/nobility/peersici.htm
Barone di Kaggi Keg (k&ebreve_;g), n. [Earlier cag, Icel. kaggi; akin to Sw. kagge.] A small cask or barrel. [1913 Webster]

Ceig: a mass of shag, clot, ceigein, a tuft, a fat man. From Scandinavian kagge, round mass, keg, corpulent man or animal, whence English keg; Norse, kaggi, cask, Norwegian, kagge, round mass.

Azzolina:
Ace English: from a Norman and Old French personal name, Ace, Asse, from Germanic (Frankish) Azzo, Atso, a pet form of personal names containing adal ‘noble’ as a first element. From Germanic (Frankish) Azzo - Azzolina.

 

Azzi, varianti: Azzo, Azzini, Azzoli, Azzola, Azzolini, Azzolino, Azzolina, Azzoni, Azzone, Azzano, Dazzano. Di origine germanica, da "atha" che significa "nobile". http://www.lapiazza.org/piemonte/a.htm

Serraino:
Serrano means "from the Sierra", from the highlands of spain.

Last Name: Raciti - Italian: from Greek - 'Rakhites' - mountain dweller.

Last Name: Caggiano - Caggegi - Southern Italian: habitational name from a place in Salerno province named Caggiano, from the Latin personal name Cavius.

Last Name: Palermo - Italian and Jewish (from Italy): habitational name from the Sicilian city of Palermo, the Greek name of which is Panormos, from pan all + ormos gulf, bay, probably in the sense wide gulf, but possibly well-protected bay.

Last Name: Mazzeo - Southern Italian: from the personal name Mazzeo, a variant of Matteo, Italian equivalent of Matthew.

Last Name: Merlo and Merlino - Italian and Spanish: nickname from Italian and medieval Spanish merlo blackbird (Latin merula). In the Middle Ages this bird seems to have been regarded at times as foolish and gullible, and at other times as cunning and wily. In some cases the surname may have arisen as a metonymic occupational name for a bird catcher.

Last Name: Patti - Italian (Sicily): habitational name from Patti in Messina province, Sicily. I reperti archeologici finora portati alla luce (la Villa Romana a Patti Marina, le grotte di contrada monte, i resti di unantica tomba tardo-ellenistica a Montagnareale) farebbero risalire Patti al periodo greco: ci spiegherebbe anche letimologia del nome Patti dal greco Epacten che vuol dire sulla sponda, forse quella del torrente Provvidenza.

Last Name: Todaro - Italian: from the Greek personal name Theodoros (see Theodore).

Last Name: Theodore - Todaro - French (Théodore) and English: from the personal name Théodore (Greek Theodoros, a compound of theos God + doron gift), which was relatively popular in the Middle Ages because of its auspicious meaning. There was considerable confusion with the Germanic personal name Theodoric (see Terry). As an American family name, it has also absorbed various other European cognates, e.g. Greek Theodorakis, Theodoropoulos.

Last Name: Russo - Italian: from the personal name Russo, southern variant of Rosso, a nickname for someone with red hair, a red beard, or a ruddy complexion.

Last Name: Foti - Fuoti - Southern Italian: from the Greek personal name Photios, a derivative of Greek phos light (genitive photos). Hungarian (Fóti): habitational name for someone from a village called Fót in Pest county.

Last Name: La Rosa - Southern Italian: from rosa rose, a topographic name for someone living by a prominent rose bush (see Rosa). Spanish: habitational name from any of the places called La Rosa in southern Spain, or short form of the family name de la Rosa (see Rosa).

Last Name: Rosa -Italian and Catalan: from rosa rose (Latin rosa), applied in part as a topographic name for someone who lived where wild roses grew, in part as a habitational name for someone who lived at a house distinguished by the sign of a rose, and in part as a nickname for someone with a pink, rosy complexion. Portuguese and Spanish: in most cases a short form of a name such as (de la) Rosa (Spanish) or (da) Rosa (Portuguese), or occasionally from the female personal name Rosa. Polish and Czech: from the vocabulary word rosa dew, juice, sap, applied as a nickname.

Last Name: Renna - Southern Italian: variant of Renda. Last Name: Renda Southern Italian: probably from a personal name, a derivative of Lorenzo or from a feminine form of the personal name Rendo, a variant of Rando. Italian: habitational name from a place called Renda.

Last Name: Rando - Italian (Sicily): from the Germanic personal name Rando, in part a short form of such names as Bertrando (see Bertram) or Randolfo (see Randolph).

Last Name: Letizia - Italian: from a female personal name derived from the Latin name Laetitia, meaning happiness, gaiety (from laetus joyous, happy).

Last Name: Serra - Serraino - Italian, Portuguese, and Catalan: topographic name from Italian, Portuguese, Catalan serra ridge or chain of hills’ (Latin serra ‘saw’). Italian: habitational name from any of various places named with serra ridge (see 1 above), as for example Serra dAniello and Serra Pedace (Cosenza), Serra San Bruno (Vibo Valentia), Serracapriola (Foggia). Catalan: habitational name from any of various places, in Valencia and Catalonia, named Serra or with Serra, as for example Serra dAlmos or Serra den Galceran. Catalan (Serrà): topographic name for somebody who lived by a sierra, from Catalan serrà, an adjective derived from serra mountain range.

Last Name: Zingale - Italian: from a variant of zingaro gypsy (see Zingaro).

Last Name: Zingaro - Italian: ethnic name or nickname from zingaro gypsy.

Last Name: Aliberti - Italian: patronymic from the Germanic personal name Aliberto (see Albert).

Last Name: Albert - English, French, North German, Danish, Catalan, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Slovenian, etc.: from the personal name Albert, composed of the Germanic elements adal ‘noble’ + berht bright, famous. The standard German form is Albrecht. This, in its various forms, was one of the most popular of all European male personal names in the Middle Ages. It was borne by various churchmen, notably St. Albert of Prague, a Bohemian prince who died a martyr in 997 attempting to convert the Prussians to Christianity; also St. Albert the Great (?1193 - 1280), an Aristotelian theologian and tutor of Thomas Aquinas. It was also the name of princes and military leaders, such as Albert the Bear (1100 - 1170), Margrave of Brandenburg. In more recent times it has been adopted as a Jewish family name.

Last Name: Ace - Azzo - Azzolina - English: from a Norman and Old French personal name, Ace, Asse, from Germanic (Frankish) Azzo, Atso, a pet form of personal names containing adal ‘noble’ as a first element. Possibly an Americanized form of German Atz, which has the same origin as 1. Last Name: Atz - Azzolina - South German: from the Germanic personal name Azzo (see Ace).

Mastrogiovanni: Italian

Spelling variations include: Mastro, Maestro, Mastrilli, Mastrillo and others. First found in Italy. mastro is mentioned in early documents all over Italy, as the surname Mastro, or Maestro, is only part of other Italian names. Some of the first settlers of this name or some of its variants were: Domenic Mastrogiovanni, 28; who arrived in New York in 1882; and Giuseppi Mastrodomenico, who came to New York in 1893.

Giovanni: Italian

From the ancient and picturesque Italian region of Venice emerged a variety of distinguished names, including the notable surname Giovanni. Although people were originally known only by a single name, it became necessary for people to adopt a second name to identify themselves as populations grew and travel became more frequent. The process of adopting fixed hereditary surnames was not complete until the modern era, but the use of hereditary family names in Italy began in the 10th and 11th centuries. Italian hereditary surnames were developed according to fairly general principles and they are characterized by a profusion of derivatives coined from given names. Although the most traditional type of family name found in the region of Venice is the patronymic surname, which is derived from the father's given name, local surnames are also found. Local names, which are the least frequent of the major types of surnames found in Italy, are derived from a place-name where the original bearer once resided or held land. Often Italian local surnames bore the prefix "di," which signifies emigration from one place to another, but does not necessarily denote nobility. The Giovanni family lived in the region of Emilia-Romagna. Earliest records date back to 1348, when a member of the Bongiovanni family dedicated his life to the church. Spelling variations include: Bongiovanni, Buongiovanni, Bongioanni, Bongianni, Bongi, Bongini, Gongino, Gioanni, Gianni, Bongio, Brongi, Brongio, Giovanni, Biannibuoni and many more. First found in Tuscany, a territorial division of Italy. It has nine provinces.

Giuliano: Italian

The distinguished surname Giuliano originated in an area of Italy, known as the Papal States. Although people were originally known only by a single name, it became necessary for people to adapt a second name to identify themselves as populations grew and travel became more frequent. The process of adopting fixed hereditary surnames was not complete until the modern era, but the use of hereditary family names in Italy began in the 10th and 11th centuries. Italian hereditary surnames were developed according to fairly general principles and they are characterized by a profusion of derivatives coined from given names. The most traditional type of family name found in the region of the Papal States is the patronymic surname, which is derived from the father's given name. During the Middle Ages, Italians adopted the patronymic system of name-making because it perfectly complemented the prevailing feudal system. In Italy the popularity of patronymic type of surname is also due to the fact that during the Christian era, people often named their children after saints and biblical figures. The surname Giuliano came from the personal name Giuliani, or Julian. The name Giuliani was originally derived from the Latin baptismal name Iulius, which means youthful.

Corallo: Spanish

Spelling variations include: Delcorral, Corral, Delcoral, Delcorrale, Del Corral, del Corral, Corrale, Coral, Corale, Caurral and many more. First found in Andalucia, in southern Spain.

Bodanza: English and Scottish

Spelling variations include: Bowden, Bouden, Boulden, Bouldene, Bolden, Boldane, Boldan, Boden, Bodden and many more. First found in Cheshire where they were seated from very early times, and were granted lands by Duke William of Normandy, their liege Lord, for their distinguished assistance at the Battle of Hasting in 1066.

Torcivia: French

Spelling variations include: Torcy, Torci, Torcis, Torcie, Torcies, Torcey, Taurcy, Taurci, Taurcis, Taurcie, Taurcies, Taurcey, Torecy, Toreci, Torecis, Torecie, Torecies, Torecey, Taurecy, Taureci, Taurecis, Taurecie, Taurecies, Taurcey, de Torcy and many more. First found in Bourgogne, where the family has been traced from early times.

 

AZZALI - AZZALIN - AZZALINI (Germanic)

 

Azzali è tipico del parmense, Azzalin è tipico della zona del delta del Po nel rovigoto, Porto Tolle e Porto Viro, Azzalini è della zona tra trevisano e bellunese, zona di Fregona e Vittorio Veneto (TV) e Tambre (BL), dovrebbero derivare da modificazioni del nome Ezzelino, a sua volta originato dal nome medioevale germanico Ecelo, ricordiamo il famosissimo condottiero del 1200 Ezzelino da Romano. Azzali is typical of the Parmesan, Azzalin is typical of the zone of the delta of the Po in the rovigoto, Tolle Port and Porto I turn, Azzalini is of the zone between trevisano and bellunese, zone of Fregona and Vittorio Veneto (TV) and Tambre (BL), would have to derive from modifications of the Ezzelino name, in its turn originated from the medioevale name Germanic Ecelo, we remember the most famous condottiero of the 1200 Ezzelino from Roman.

 

AZZI - AZZINI - AZZINO - AZZO (North Italian)

 

Azzi sembra tipico del mantovano con ceppi anche nel parmense e nel ferarrese, Azzini è specifico della zona che comprende bresciano e mantovano, Azzino è praticamente unico, Azzo, quasi scomparso è emiliano, derivano dal nome medioevale Atto o Azzo di cui abbiamo un esempio nel 900: "...Atto fuit primus Princeps, astutus ut hidrus, nobiliter vero fuit ortus de Sigefredo Principe praeclaro Lucensi de Comitatu. ...", con Azzo d'Este e più tardi sono famosi Azzo da Correggio nato a Parma nel 1303, marchese di Correggio e signore di Parma, Berceto, Guardasone, Guastalla, Colorno e Brescello ed Azzo di Malaspina nella seconda metà del 1300. Adzes seem typical of the mantovano with stocks also in the Parmesan and in the ferarrese, Azzini is specific of the zone that comprises bresciano and mantovano, Azzino is practically only, Azzo, nearly scomparso is emiliano, derives from the medioevale name Atto or Azzo of which we have an example in the 900: "... Action fuit primus Princeps, astutus ut hidrus, nobiliter true fuit ortus de Sigefredo Prince praeclaro Lucensi de Comitatu....", with Azzo d' famous Este and later are Azzo from Correggio been born to Parma in 1303, marquis of Correggio and gentleman of Parma, Berceto, Guardasone, Guastalla, Colorno and Brescello and Azzo di Malaspina in the second half of 1300.

BONDANZA (North Italian)

Cognome poco diffuso che parrebbe avere più di una zona d'origine, la provincia di Milano, di Genova e forse anche nelle Puglie. Parrebbe derivare da un nome augurale tardo latino Abundantia (abbondanza). Little diffused last name that origin zone parrebbe to have more than one, the province of Milan, of Genoa and perhaps also in the Puglie. Parrebbe to derive from a name augurs them late Abundantia Latin (abundance).

CAGECI - CAGEGI - CAGEGGI - CAGGECI - CAGGEGGI - CAGGEGI - GAGGEGGI - GAGGEGI (Arabic)

Tutti questi cognomi sono assolutamente rarissimi, sicuramente siciliani, dovrebbero derivare da soprannomi originato dal vocabolo arabo haggag (pellegrino, di chi va in giro per il mondo), ma è pure possibile un collegamento con il termine dialettale gagghiu (dal colore marezzato, pezzato). All these last names are absolutely rarest, sure sicialian, would have to derive from nicknames originated from the Arabic word haggag (travelling, of who go in turn for the world), but a connection with the dialectal term gagghiu (from the marezzato color is also possible, pezzato).

FOTI (Greek)

Molto diffuso, sembra originario della Sicilia orientale e Calabria meridionale, potrebbe derivare dalla troncatura del nome medioevale Fotinus di cui abbiamo un esempio nel V° secolo: "...consilio episcoporum vel presbyterorum et cuncte ecclesie catholice dyacono ecclesie Thessalonicensi nomine Fotino...", o dal nome greco bizantino Fotius ricordiamo Fotius patriarca di Costantinopoli e con lo stesso nome l'esarca d'Italia nel VII° secolo.

Much diffusing, seems original of the Sicily orients them and southern Calabria, could derive from the channel of the medioevale name Fotinus of which we have an example in the V° century: "... consilio episcoporum vel presbyterorum ET cuncte catholice ecclesie dyacono ecclesie Thessalonicensi Fotino nominations...", or from the Greek name bizantino Fotius we remember Fotius patriarch of Costantinopoli and with the same name esarca of Italy in the VII° the century.

GIULIANI - GIULIANO (North Italian)

Molto diffuso in tutta l'Italia peninsulare Giuliani, mentre Giuliano copre tutta l'Italia con un grosso ceppo in Piemonte e in tutto il sud, potrebbe essere stato originato dal nome Giuliano o da toponimi quali: Giuliano di Lecce (LE), Giuliano di Roma (FR), Giuliano Teatino (CH) o altri simili. Much diffused in all peninsular Italy Giuliani, while Giuliano covers all Italy with a large stock in Piemonte and all the south, could have been originated from the Giuliano name or toponimi which: Giuliano of Lecce (LE), Giuliano of Rome (FR), Giuliano Teatino (CH) or other similar ones.

MAZZEO (Southern Italian)

Tipico dell'Italia meridionale, dovrebbe derivare da toponimi come Mazzeo (ME) o San Mazzeo (CZ) Typical of southern Italy, it would have to derive from toponimi like Mazzeo (ME) or Saint Mazzeo (CZ)

PATTI (Southern Italian)

Molto comune in Sicilia, deriva dal toponimo Patti (ME). Much common one in Sicily, derives from toponimo the Patti (ME).

RACCHETTI - Raciti - (Lombardic)

Molto raro, sicuramente lombardo, probabilmente del mantovano, ma potrebbe essere anche originario del sudmilanese e cremasco. Troviamo nei primi anni del 1700 un Giuseppe Racchetti parmense pittore a Reggio Emilia e poi a Brescia. Much rare, sure Lombardic one, probably of the mantovano, but could be also original of the sudmilanese and cremasco. We then find in the first years of a 1700 Giuseppe Racchetti Parmesan painter to Reggio Emilia and to Brescia.

RENNA (Greek)
 

Tipico di Campania, Puglia e Sicilia, dovrebbe derivare da una modificazione del nome greco Rhendes, in alcuni casi può anche derivare da toponimi, in alcuni casi scomparsi, come Renna di Casal di Principe (CE), Renna (RG), Renna (BR), Renna (CS), Selva Renna (AV) o molti altri, troviamo tracce di questo cognome nel 1500 a Tricase (LE) con 'architetto Antonio Renna che nel 1524 condusse la costruzione del castello di Caprarica (LE). Typical of Campania, Puglia and Sicily, it would have to derive from a modification of the Greek name Rhendes, in some cases can also derive from toponimi, in some cases passings, like Reindeer of Casal of Prince (CE), Reindeer (RG), Reindeer (BR), Reindeer (CS), Forest Reindeer (AV) or many others, we find traces of this last name in 1500 to Tricase () with ' architect Antonio Reindeer that in 1524 lead the construction of the castle of Caprarica ().

RUSSI - RUSSO (Italian)

Russi sembrerebbe specifico delle Puglie, mentre Russo è molto diffuso in tutt'Italia, deriva da soprannomi dialettali legati alla caratteristica della colorazione dei capelli o della carnagione del capostipite. Tracce di questo cognome si hanno già nel 1200, in un atto del 7 febbraio 1279 redatto in Lunigiana viene citato un giudice Russo con un figlio notaio, vi si legge infatti: "...bona fide et sine fraude in omnibus et per omnia, pres. supr. iudice, coram dom. Russo iudice et Francischino not.° eius filio in curia...". Nel 1400 a Napoli troviamo un notaio Francesco Russo, nel XVI° secolo, in Sicilia, a Militello si trova un tal frate Bernardo Russo, erudito francescano che insegnò nelle principali cattedre dell'Ordine, facendosi apprezzare per le suevaste conoscenze. Russians would seem specific of the Puglie, while Russian it is much diffusing in tutt' Italy, derive from dialectal nicknames legacies to the characteristic of the coloration of hats or the complexion of the prototype. Traces of this last name are had already in 1200, in an action of 7 written up February 1279 in Lunigiana come cited a Russian judge with a son notary public, you law in fact: "... bona fide ET sine fraude in omnibus ET for omnia, pres. supr. iudice, coram dom. Iudice Russian ET Francischino not.° eius filio in curia... ". In 1400 to Naples we find a notary public Russian Francisco, in the XVI° century, in Sicily, to Militello finds a such Russian Bernardo friar, erudite Franciscan who taught in the main chairs of the Order, making oneself to appreciate for suevaste the acquaintances.

MERLI - MERLO (Lombardic)

Merli è presente in tutto il nord Italia, con un nucleo importante in Lombardia, Merlo, presente massicciamente in tutto il nord, presenta un forte nucleo in Piemonte ed in Lombardia, ma sono presenti anche ceppi in Sicilia. Questi cognomi potrebbero derivare da toponimi quali: Castelletto Merli (AL), Montemerlo (PD), Merlino (LO), o dal nome medioevale franco Merle. Merlons are present in all the Italy north, with an important nucleus in Lombardy, Merlon, present massively in all the north, introduce a strong nucleus in Piemonte and Lombardy, but stocks in Sicily are present also. These last names could derive from toponimi which: Castelletto Merlons (To), Montemerlo (PD), Merlino (), or from the medioevale name frank Merle.

MERLIN - MERLINI (Lombardic)

Merlin è tipico del Veneto e della Lombardia occidentale, Merlini è presente in tutto il centro nord, potrebbero derivare da toponimi come Merlino (LO) o dal nome medioevale italiano Merlino, di quest'uso abbiamo un esempio nel Codice Diplomatico della Lombardia Medioevale a Lodi nel 1180: "...Interrogatus cui episcopo fuit data guadia, dixit quod in tempore Alberici de Merlino quondam episcopi fuit data guadia Marchesio de Fosadolto, gastoldo eius...". Merlin is typical of the Veneto and of the western Lombardy, Merlini is present in all the center north, could derive from toponimi as Merlino () or from the medioevale name Italian Merlino, of this use has an example in the Diplomatic Code of the Lombardy Medioevale to Praises in 1180: "... given Interrogatus which episcopo fuit guadia, dixit quod in tempore Alberici de Merlino quondam episcopi fuit given guadia Marchesio de Fosadolto, gastoldo eius...".

SERRA (Sardinia) Diffuso in tutt'Italia, con una grossa preponderanza in Sardegna, dovrebbe derivare da un soprannome originato dal vocabolo latino serra (sega) e starebbe ad indicare probabilmente il mestiere di falegname.
integrazioni fornite da Aldo Magnoni può derivare dal toponimo di epoca latino-romanza indicante passo. Serra è anche il deverbale di serrare ossia chiudere, quindi nella fattispecie toponomastica chiusura di valle. Quindi il cognome Serra è in parecchi casi riconducibile a colui che abitava proprio in tali località.

Diffused in tutt' Italy, with a large preponderanza in Sardinia, greenhouse would have to derive from a nickname originated from the Latin word (saws) and would be to indicate probably the carpenter trade integrations supplied from Aldo Magnoni can derive from the toponimo of age Latin-latino-romanza indicating step. Greenhouse is also the deverbale to lock that is to close, therefore in the toponomastica fattispecie closing of goes them. Therefore the last name Greenhouse is in several cases riconducibile to R-he who lived just in such localities.

TODARI - TODARO - TODERI - TODERO (Greek)

Todari, quasi unico, potrebbe essere marchigiano, Todaro sembrerebbe specifico del sud Italia, Sicilia soprattutto, ma si individuano nuclei anche al nord, nel Veneto e in Liguria, Toderi ,certamente marchigiano, ha un ceppo importante in quel di Castelleone Di Suasa (AN), Todero, più raro, ha un ceppo veneto friulano, un ceppo campano ed uno nel catanese, derivano dal nome medioevale Todaro, di cui abbiamo traccia ad Avellino nel XII° secolo con Todaro fu Costantino arcipresbitero di rito greco, Tracce di questa cognomizzazione le troviamo tra la fine del 1400 e l'inizio del 1500 a Naso (ME) con il notaio Pietro Todaro. Il nome Todaro nasce da una modificazione del nome latino di origine greca Theodorus.

Todari, nearly only, could be marchigiano, Todaro would seem specific of the south Italy, Sicily above all, but nuclei also to the north are characterized, in the Veneto and in Liguria, Toderi, sure marchigiano, it has an important stock in those of Castelleone Di Suasa (AN), Todero, rarer, has friulano a Veneto stock, an of campania stock and in the catanese, they derive from the medioevale name Todaro, of which we have trace to Avellino in the XII° century with Todaro was arcipresbitero Costantino of Greek ritual, Traces of this cognomizzazione we find to them between the end of the 1400 and beginning of 1500 to Nose (ME) with the notary public Peter Todaro Liguria, Toderi, certamente marchigiano, ha un ceppo importante in quel di Castelleone Di Suasa (AN), Todero, più raro, ha un ceppo veneto friulano, un ceppo campano ed uno nel catanese, derivano dal nome medioevale Todaro, di cui abbiamo traccia ad Avellino nel XII° secolo con Todaro fu Costantino arcipresbitero di rito greco, Tracce di questa cognomizzazione le troviamo tra la fine del 1400 e l' inizio del 1500 a Naso (ME) con il notaio Pietro Todaro. The Todaro name is born from one modification of the Latin name of Greek origin Theodorus.

ZINGARELLA - ZINGARELLI - ZINGARELLO - ZINGARO (Italian)

Zingarella è praticamente unico, Zingarelli sembrerebbe pugliese, con ceppi, probabilmente secondari nel milanese e nel torinese, Zingarello, molto raro, è specifico del leccese, Zingaro è tipico del barese con un ceppo probabilmente secondario nel Molise, derivano tutti dall'etnico zingaro anche attraverso il medioevale cingarellus, troviamo nel 1100 un Albertinus Cingarellus giunto a Genova dalla Magna Grecia, e a Pisa in uno scritto del 1294 si legge: "...funnovi morti dentro mouti omini per li Uberti, e autri Fiorentini, e preso Messere Guido Cingarelli de i Rossi; e gli autri, che iscamponno, funno messi in pregione..:".

Zingarella is practically only, Zingarelli would seem pugliese, with stocks, probably secondary in the from Milan one and in the Turinese one, Zingarello, much rare one, it is specific of the leccese, Zingaro is typical of the native of Bari with a probably secondary stock in the Molise, derive all from the ethnic Zingaro also through the medioevale cingarellus, we find in a 1100 Albertinus Cingarellus reached Genoa from the Magna Greece, and Pisa in one written of the 1294 law: "... funnovi died within mouti omini for them Uberti, and autri Fiorentini, and taken to Messere Guido Cingarelli de the Red ones; and the autri, than iscamponno, funno puttinges in pregione..: ".

LA ROSA - LAROSA (Southern Italian)

La Rosa è tipico siciliano e della zona calabrese dello stretto di Messina, Larosa molto più raro, ha un ceppo nel reggino ed uno nel barese, derivano entrambi dal nome personale latino Rosa. The Rose is typical sicialian and of the calabrian zone of the strait of Messina, Larosa the much rarest one, has a stock in the reggino and in the native of Bari, both from the personal name derive Latin Rose.

GIOVANETTI - GIOVANI - GIOVANNETTI - GIOVINAZZO (Italian)

Giovanetti ha un probabile nucleo tra il milanese ed il pavese, ma lungo la via Emilia, fino a Rimini, si individua la presenza di altri possibili ceppi, Giovani è toscano, Giovannetti è di tutta la fascia dell'Italia centrale, Giovinazzo è di probabile origine calabrese, questi cognomi dovrebbero derivare dal nome medioevale Giovine, originato a sua volta dal nomen latino Juventius o dal cognomen Juvenalis.

Young mans have a probable nucleus between from Milan and the pavian, but along the way Emilia, until Rimini, he characterizes the presence of other possible stocks, Young people is from Tuscany, Giovannetti is of all you wrap it of Italy centers them, Giovinazzo is of probable calabrian origin, these last names would have to derive in its turn from the medioevale name Giovine, originated from nomen the Latin Juventius or cognomen the Juvenalis.

GIOVANNELLI - GIOVANNIELLO - GIOVANNINI - GIOVANNONE - GIOVANNONI - GIOVANNOTTI (North Italian)

Giovannelli è un cognome dell'Italia centrale, Giovanniello ha un ceppo in Irpinia ed uno nel barese, a Palo Del Colle in particolare, Giovannini di tutto il centro nord, Giovannone è specifico del frusinate, Giovannoni è proprio della Toscana e Lazio, Giovannotti, molto raro, è romano, derivano tutti da modificazioni del nome Giovanni. Tracce di queste cognomizzazioni le troviamo all'inizio del 1600 con Girolamo Giovannelli Vescovo di Sora (FR). Giovannelli is a last name of Italy centers them, Giovanniello has a stock in Irpinia and in the native of Bari, to Pole Of the Hill in particular, Giovannini of all the center north, Giovannone it is specific of the frusinate ones, Giovannoni is just of the Tuscany and Lazio, Giovannotti, much rare one, it is roman, derive all from modifications of the name Giovanni. Traces of these cognomizzazioni we find them to the beginning of the 1600 with Girolamo Giovannelli Bishop of Sora (FR).

ALIBERTI - ALIBERTO (Longobardic)

Aliberti sembra avere un nucleo importante in Campania, uno nel torinese e milanese ed uno nel messinese, Aliberto, molto molto raro, ha un nucleo nel messinese, derivano dal nome germanico Alipertus di cui abbiamo un esempio in un atto scritto a Cremona nell'anno 851: "...Ego Alipertus interfui. Ego Leo notarius ibi fui et hoc iuditium dedi...".
integrazione fornita da Fabio Paolucci Aliberti è diffuso al Nord, in Piemonte (nel torinese e nell'astigiano) e in Lombardia nel milanese. L'origine di questo cognome va ricercata nel Sud, in Campania, dove tuttora si individuano ceppi consistenti nel napoletano e soprattutto nel salernitano. L'epicentro è infatti il comune di Siano (SA), dove Aliberti è tutt'oggi un cognome diffusissimo. Alipertus era un tipico nome longobardo, attestato in Italia fin dal VII sec (ricordiamo che Siano si trova nell'antico Ducato Longobardo di Benevento, la famosa Langobardia Minor, tra la capitale Benevento, Capua e la più recente sede longobarda di Salerno). E' chiara l'etimologia di Aliberti, che deriva dai termini germanico-romanzi ala (che significa del tutto, molto) e bertha (col significato di illustre, famoso, splendente). (C'è anche chi protende a giustificare il primo termine come derivante da athala, cioè di stirpe. In tal caso il cognome deriverebbe da nobile, illustre di stirpe: questa interpretazione mi sembra però più appropriata per i cognomi di origine germanica che iniziano con Adal- es., Adalberti). Aliberti avrebbe quindi come significato originario illustre, molto famoso: non dimentichiamo però che stiamo considerando sempre il cognome come derivato da un nome, per cui non dobbiamo ritenere che si sia per forza creato da un capostipite nobile o illustre, ma più semplicemente da un personaggio di nome Alipertus, diventato Alibertus, insomma, il nostro Alberto (lo stesso esempio potrebbe essere fatto spiegando la cognomizzazione del nome Salvatore, che non vuol dire che il capostipite fosse "un salvatore", ma che probabilmente quello fosse il suo nome o soprannome). Tra gli Aliberti si distingue un ramo a Canelli, in provincia di Asti, che tra la seconda metà del '600 e l'ultimo quarto del '700 annovera fra i suoi membri parecchi artisti di pregio: Giovanni Carlo (1662-1740), pittore; Carlo Filippo (1710-1770), architetto; Giuseppe Amedeo (circa 1709-1772) pittore.

Aliberti seems to have an important nucleus in Campania, in the Turinese one and from Milan and in the messinese, Aliberto, a lot much rare one, has a nucleus in the messinese, derives from the Germanic name Alipertus of which we have an example in an action written to Cremona in year 851: "... Ego Alipertus interfui. Ego Leo notarius ibi I was ET hoc iuditium dedi... ". integration supplied from Fabio Paolucci Aliberti is diffused to the North, in Piemonte (in the Turinese one and the of Asti) and Lombardy in the from Milan one. The origin of this last name goes searched in the South, in Campania, where still stocks consisting in the Neapolitan and above all in the salernitano are characterized. The epicenter is in fact the common one of Is (KNOWS), where Aliberti is tutt' today the most diffuse last name. Alipertus was a typical name longobardo, attested in Italy since the WAYS sec (remembers that They are is found in the ancient Ducato Longobardo of Benevento, the famous Langobardia Minor, between understood them the Benevento, Capua and the most recent center longobarda than Salerno). Clear E' the etimologia of Aliberti, that it derives from the terms German-novels wing (that means of all, a lot) and bertha (with the illustrious, famous, dazzling meant one of). (there is also who protende to justify the first term like deriving from athala, that is of stirpe. In such case the last name would derive from nobleman, illustrious of stirpe: this interpretation me more seems but appropriated for the last names Germanic origin that they begin with Adal- es., Adalberti). Aliberti therefore like would have meant original illustrious, much famous one: not we forget but that we are always considering the last name like deriving from a name, for which we do not have to think more simply that by force it has been created from a noble or illustrious prototype, but from a personage of name Alipertus, become Alibertus, insomma, our Alberto (the same example could be made explaining the cognomizzazione of the Salvatore name, than it does not want to say that the prototype was "a salvatore", but that probably that one was its name or nickname). Between the Aliberti a branch to Spouts is distinguished, in province of Hatred, than between the second half of the ' 600 and the last quarter of the ' 700 numbers between its members several artists of pregio: Giovanni Carl (1662-1740), painter; Carl Filippo (1710-1770), architect; Giuseppe Amedeo (approximately 1709-1772) painter.

ALBERTA - ALBERTARIO - ALBERTAZZI - ALBERTI - ALBERTINI - ALBERTIS - ALBERTO - ALIBERTI - ALIBERTO (Longobardic)

Il nome Alberto è arrivato in Italia con i Longobardi prima e con i Franchi poi, deriva dal nome Adalberto che ha origine da due vocaboli germanici athala (nobiltà) e berth (splendore), identifica cioè uno di nobilissima stirpe, di splendente nobiltà. Il nome, per imitazione, venne dato, in epoca medioevale, a bambini come indice di nobiltà e poi come semplice augurio. I cognomi pur se distribuiti per tutta la penisola hanno una maggiore concentrazione al nord, dove maggiore è stata l'influenza dei Longobardi prima e dei Franchi dopo. Alberta rarissimo è specifico di Castelnuovo Della Daunia (FG), Albertario è della zona tra Milano e Pavia, Albertazzi ha un nucleo nel bolognese ed un ceppo tra pavese e piacentino, Alberti è panitaliano, Albertini è tipico della zona che comprende Lombardia, Veneto, Emilia Romagna e Marche, Albertis è praticamente unico, Alberto ha un nucleo tra torinese, cuneese e savonese e ceppi nel napoletano ed in provincia di Catanzaro, Aliberti ha un nucleo principale in Campania e ceppi nella zona dello stretto, a Roma ed in Piemonte, Aliberto, molto raro, ha un ceppo nel messinese ed uno nel napoletano.

The Alberto name has arrived in Italy with the Longobardi before and with the Franchi then, it derives from the Adalberto name that has origin from two Germanic words athala (nobility) and berth (splendor), that is identifies one of noble stirpe, dazzling nobility. The name, for imitation, came given, in medioevale age, to children like index of nobility and then like simple augury. The last names also if distributed for all the peninsula have a greater concentration to the north, where greater it has been the infuence of the Longobardi before and the Franchi after. The rarest Alberta is specific of Castelnuovo Of Daunia (FG), Albertario is of the zone between Milan and Pavia, Albertazzi has a nucleus in the from Bologna one and a stock between pavian and piacentino, Alberti is panitaliano, Albertini is typical of the zone that comprises Lombardy, Veneto, Emilia Romagna and Marches, Albertis is practically only, Alberto has a Turinese, cuneese nucleus between and savonese and stocks in the Neapolitan and province of Catanzaro, Aliberti has a main nucleus in Campania and stocks in the zone of the strait, to Rome and in Piemonte, Aliberto, much rare one, have a stock in the messinese and one in the Neapolitan. PALERMO (Jewish) Estremamente diffuso in tutto il sud, deriva ovviamente dal toponimo omonimo, in qualche raro caso può essere di origini ebraiche. Extremely diffused in all the south, it derives obviously from the toponimo omonimo, in some rare case can be of Jewish origins.

From: http://www.melegnano.net/cognomi/

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Making Family Histories:

John Raciti elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts

Central Queensland University lecturer John Raciti at the age of 29 has had the opportunity to receive the honor of being elected a Fellow of The Royal Society of Arts, FRSA, in London. It is an honorable society that has been in existence for over 250 years.

John was recently awarded this honor based on previous merits - in degrees he was awarded at a University Postgraduate level and for outstanding work and contribution to Australian Arts Education in both Melbourne and Sydney, in the catholic and public communities.

The RSA is a society that has welcomed many high profile people such as one of its earliest members, Italian: Gugliemo Marconi, the inventor of the Radio.

Currently, The RSA has more than 24,000 fellows all around the world. Its Patron is currently HM Queen Elizabeth 2nd; its President is
HRH Prince Philip.

*My mtDNA(HVR1): (Grazia Merlo - born: 1880) is related to: Sicilian Peers of the Realm 1848. Barone di Tripi don Giuseppe Merlo, Marchese di S. Elisabetta, n. 1929. Title and Territorial Designation: Baron of Tripi Family: Merlo

*My Y-DNA: R1b1c (Salavatore Caggegi - born: 1886) is related to: The Feudal family of Caggegi / Caggeggi in 1195, made by Bartolomeo de Lucy, the Count of Paterno.