Diptera: true flies

a)     minute to very large; sucking mouthparts (lots of modifications).

b)     all have mesothoracic wings only; metathoracic wings reduced to halteres

used for maintaining equilibrium in flight.

c)      4th largest insect order with great morphological and ecological diversity

flies occur in most habitats that support insects.

1.     a number are adapted to very adverse habitats, such as oil pools, saline water, and hot springs.

2.     like beetles, flies occupy nearly every trophic position in food webs.

3.     some are endo- and ectoparasites of mammals.

4.     several species are important pests and disease vectors- more flies are of medical and veterinary importance than any other insect order .

Hessian fly (wheat pest), Mediterranean fruit fly.

biting flies in general, mosquito (malaria vector).

tsetse fly in Africa (trypanosomiasis [sleeping sickness]) .

bot and warble flies- larvae burrow into the skin or invade the internal organs .

d)     divided into 3 suborders on the basis of antennal morphology, the shape of the exit hole in the puparium, and larval morphology.

Nematocera

1.     long filiform or plumose antennae.

2.     mosquito-like; many have aquatic or semiaquatic larvae .

3.     several are important members of aquatic food- and nutrient processing webs.

4.     larvae have well developed heads, horizontal mandibles .

Brachycera

1.     short stylate antennae.

2.     more "fly-like" than mosquito-like.

3.     larvae have weakly developed heads, vertical mandibles.

Cyclorrapha

1.     aristate antennae .

2.     adult emerges from puparium through a circular hole pushed out by its inflated ptilinum .

3.     most "fly-like" of all .

4.     vermiform larvae (= maggots) with retracted heads, vertical mouth-hooks .

ثنائية الاجنحة Order: Diptera

Suborder 1 : Nematocera

Suborder 2 :Brachycera

Family : Tabaidae ذبابة الحصان
Tabanus sp.

Suborder 2 : Cyclorrapha