Present physical theory offers no mechanical definition for the cause of an inertial property of matter. It is assumed that an object of matter is associated with a property of inertia, measured by units of mass, and no further definition is required. This non definition of an inertial property limits the ability of present physical theory to define matter and space. The following documents are an attempt to define the mechanical cause of inertia and the consequences of inertial existence.
"A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it." Max Planck.
Modern Physics developed under chaotic circumstances. As a result fundamental concepts and principals were dismissed which corrupted scientific methods and theoretical development. Modern Physics is like an abstract painting. There is a distorted image without recognizable detail. The image needs to be re-painted so it can be seen with some detail. Once the image is seen with some detail, a camera can be used to photograph the source with acceptable resolution. A new canvas is available for painting. Who can paint?
The text that follows is lengthy and has a purpose to analyze previous work and introduce the concepts and definitions that are necessary to enable corrections of previous work in mechanics. To get to the point, Newton's laws of motion are not what they could be. The concepts of matter, mass, and inertia need elaboration. If "law2" is applied to "law1" answers can be found concerning the cause and effect of an inertial property of matter. Once this is completed, space itself is found to have a value of mass and aspects of Modern Physics can be accurately defined with Classical Mechanics.
With Newton's acknowledgement of inertia, the measurement of inertia, mass, and the relationship of acceleration when equal forces are applied to two objects with mass, a definition of Mach's principal of relative motion is found. Using conservation of momentum, if only two objects of matter exist in the universe, and one object has a mass value that is twice that of the other object, and these objects were observed to pass by each other in motion with a coordinate system consistent to both objects (absolute space), the velocity of the larger object would measure to be one half of the velocity of the smaller object as the momentum of these two objects are equal and in opposite directions, resulting in a net total momentum of this two body universe as zero.
It is not too difficult to find the problems that enabled Modern Physics to develop an abstract view of physical reality. Albert Einstein developed two relativity theories, Special Relativity Theory and General Relativity Theory. Einstein's work indicated that distortions exist in space that Classical Mechanics is inadequate in accurately defining. Classical Mechanics, however, is what it is, a mathematical method that defines physical reality. Failure to acknowledge that Classical Mechanics is a valid method for defining physical reality prevents an accurate description of physical reality. This is the current status of physical theory as physical reality has evolved into a meaningless concept.
Relativity theories, SRT and GRT, as they are currently acknowledged and accepted, are like a house of cards. Einstein himself indicated that if anything in Special Relativity Theory is proved to be inaccurate then SRT and GRT can be considered invalid. When considering Einstein's concept of determining simultaneity, Einstein used a thought experiment with a train, two observers and two flashes of light. Although Einstein correctly concluded that the flashes were not received by the observer on the train simultaneously, the observer on the train should have concluded that the flashes occurred simultaneously in the inertial reference frame of the Earth if all physical aspects of the event were considered and compared to detailed observations taken by the observer on the embankment. In fact, Einstein's interpretation of this "thought experiment" is in contradiction to his later work of GRT.
For the sake of argument, two identical flashes of light were set off. The observer on the embankment measured the time that the flashes were received and determined that the flashes were simultaneous. Also, the duration of the flashes were measured and it was determined that the flashes were equal in duration. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the two flashes were determined (photomechanical abilities, frequency, energy, etc) and the two flashes were determined to have identical mechanical capabilities.
The observer on the train found that the flash from ahead was received earlier, was shorter in duration and had greater mechanical abilities than the flash from behind. When the observer on the train meets with the observer on the embankment to compare data from observations, the identical flashes of light are determined by both observers to have occurred simultaneously in the inertial reference frame of the Earth which, in this example, provides a coordinate system (absolute space) consistent to both observers.
The inaccuracy of Einstein's interpretation of "simultaneity" should be sufficient to question the accuracy of SRT and GRT. When Einstein produced these relativity theories, a mechanical definition of an inertial property of "matter" and the resulting effect of gravitation was not introduced. As a result, relativistic distortions were not definable with Classical Mechanics. By introducing a mechanical definition of an inertial property, relativistic distortions can be defined using Classical Mechanics and physical reality can be accurately defined.
Aristotle believed that objects of matter were normally at rest. In order to move an object of matter with constant motion, Aristotle thought that a constant force had to be applied to the object. When the force was removed the object would return to a normal at rest condition.
The property of inertia for objects of matter was experimentally discovered by Galileo. Galileo was then able to define that an object of matter at rest would remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force and an object in constant motion would remain in constant motion unless acted upon by an external force. The "inertia" of the matter enables it to maintain a static and dynamic existence.
Newton then developed laws of motion that elaborated on concepts developed by Galileo. Newton defined a property of inertia as an "innate force of matter" and established the quantitative concept of "mass". A measurement of the quantity of inertia with units of "mass" enabled the development of Classical Mechanics.
Einstein later showed that the quantity of "mass", or "innate force of matter", is related to a quantity of energy that an object of matter possesses. This established the value of "mass" of an object as a variable quantity. It was necessary for Einstein to describe "mass" in this fashion to maintain a principal of constancy for the velocity of light.
From previous assumptions in physical theory, "matter" and its inertial measurement "mass", are considered to be equivalent. Any object containing a specific quantity of "matter" has a proportionately equal inertial measurement of "mass". This may be an inaccurate description of the relationship between "matter" and "mass", as indicated by Einstein's relativity theories. If a single proton is accelerated to a velocity where it's mass value is doubled, is the quantity of matter also doubled? Logically, since the object of matter is still a single proton, rather than two protons, it should not be assumed that the quantity of matter has also doubled. For now, the concept of "mass" should be accepted at "face value" for the purpose it was intended, to provide a means to measure inertia, the ability to maintain static and dynamic existence.
When Michael Faraday wrote, 'matter is everywhere present and there is no intervening space unoccupied by it', perhaps he would have been more accurate if he used the word "mass" rather than "matter". The term "matter", for physical modeling purposes, should be reserved for structural objects that have an inertial measurement of "mass". Although Faraday is probably accurate in his assumption that "space" can be quantitatively measured with units of "mass" his choice of words could have been better. After all, Faraday maintained that "space" is an extension of objects of "matter", to make a statement that "matter" and the "space" which results from the existence of "matter" are equivalent is somewhat nonsensical. Anyway, this seems to be a language problem. Faraday pointed out some key issues in physical theory that needed, and still need attention.
James Clerk Maxwell elaborated on Faraday's concepts concerning "matter", the resulting "space", and the force fields that define "space". Later Einstein maintained that Maxwell's work is accurate in any "inertial reference frame" without accepting the methods, or foundations, that Maxwell used to develop conclusions. As a result, although Einstein indicated "distortions" that exist in "space", Einstein's conclusions are probably not completely accurate. Therefore, work still needs to be done. The purpose of the following information is to indicate the need for improved definition of physical theory. Although Faraday, as indicated previously, may not of communicated his ideas with proper language, Newton was very particular about the language he used to express his concepts concerning physical reality, Classical Mechanics.
Are Newton's descriptions of physical reality accurate? One thing is for sure, Einstein's work did not enable physical theory to develop an understanding of physical reality that one would expect, considering the technology that is currently available. Perhaps a "Classical" interpretation of "relativity" will enable a more accurate physical description of reality. The information available here will introduce concepts that are necessary to define "relativity theory" with Classical Mechanics which should be maintained as a method of accurately defining physical existence.
This website is maintained by G. D. Niplokov. The pages here are constantly under construction. I find that it is very difficult to communicate information into the scientific community with a purpose of introducing concepts that are needed for improved definition of physical science. In a sense, I speak and write in "Greek" and physicists only understand "German" and "English". Any input from readers regarding improvements in communication would be appreciated. Questions do need answers. For the time being, I am doing the best I can with what I have. Any physicists out there that does not appreciate my efforts or is offended that I am messing with your "machine", relax man, it's an "update", your machine will "run" more efficiently once the "update" is completed.
Big questions need real answers. What is the cause of an inertial
property of "matter" that enables a measurement of "mass"? We know what the effect is. What are the
specifics of the existence of "matter" that enable an object with
"mass" to maintain an inertial property?
These questions remain unanswered in current physical theory. Unfortunately,
these questions are also ignored. Is it possible that Aristotle and Galileo
were both correct?
Index
The underlying problem with present physical theory is the inability to define the energy requirements of a fundamental force field and the work requirements of space. With the current understanding of "matter" energy relationships, proper mechanical definition of a force field is impossible and a unified field theory is unobtainable. To solve this problem the relationship of "matter" and energy in physical theory needs to be corrected.
If the universe were completely void of all matter, energy, electric charge etc., it would contain zero space, as there would be no means to define it as space. If a single electric charge were introduced into this void universe, the space of the universe would then be definable and space would exist. There would be infinite space in the universe, as a measurement of the total volume of space would have no upper limit. The total energy of the single electric charge must also be infinite, as infinite work is required to produce an infinite volume of space. In this single charge universe it is not possible to measure time because all energy has been consumed and the rate of power is zero, so all time has elapsed.
Our universe, however, is not constructed in this fashion. Rather than a single source of electric charge, it contains a vast number of electric charge sources. If space were defined by electric charge alone, the net total space of the universe could be defined as zero. With a vast number of positive electric charge sources producing infinite space, and an equal vast number of negative electric charge sources producing infinite anti-space, the net energy and space of the universe would be zero, as infinity plus negative infinity equals zero. An observer outside of this system could not detect the existence of this system without probing it.
Our region of the universe cannot be defined by electric charge alone. The bulk of matter, inertial mass, is charged electrically positive and a minor portion of mass is charged electrically negative. We can probably assume that this is consistent throughout our galaxy so our definitions of physical existence can be applied to our “known” region of the universe. Although we could suspect that all galaxies in the universe are consistent with our own, it would be irresponsible to assume that they are. Without actually going to other galaxies for direct observation, we should not conclude that the bulk of inertial mass in other galaxies carries a positive electric charge. From here it is impossible to detect by remote observation the configuration, or polarity, of matter outside of our “known” system. Therefore, analysis of the functionality of inertial matter, associated energy and the resulting space should be limited to our “known” system.
Although it is possible that the total net energy of the entire universe is zero, within our limits of direct observation we know that our own matter-space system presently has "kinetic energy". Also, given the unbalanced construction of our matter, the available energy, and a matter-space system reduced to a manageable size, force field power can be analyzed with the resulting function of time.
Until a catastrophic change of direction occurs in our matter-space system, an
infinite source of energy is consumed by the work of inertial space.
Since this process is not instantaneous but, for now, a continuous
process, the power of this process can be expressed as time can be measured.
This analysis is consistent with a statement made by Newton. When
defining inertia in the Principia
Newton wrote:
The vis insita, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting, by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to persevere in its present state, whether it be of rest, or of moving uniformly forward in a right line. *
The keywords in this
statement are MATTER and POWER, by acknowledging the power function of
inertial matter, inertial space can be mechanically defined as a work function of
inertial matter and physical theory can be corrected.
*Isaac Newton's Principia 1687, Translated by Andrew Motte 1729
Current physics theory is incomplete and fails to properly define fundamental concepts concerning space, force fields, matter, mass, inertia and gravitation. In the text that follows, current physical theory is questioned and inaccuracies are indicated. Concepts that need to be introduced into physical theory are suggested.
The existence of "space" needs mechanical definition. A simple, mechanical, description of space is: A volume that contains a force field.
Current physical theory fails to acknowledge forces that are involved when gravitation of matter occurs. A definition of gravitation and the forces involved is provided in the section, Gravitation, which offers proof of the formula g=m/4cmd2p and defines the cause and effect gravitation. This formula defines the Newtonian gravitational constant, which is 1/16cmp , by mathematical analysis of the functionality and relationships of matter, energy, work, power, force, mass and space.
Inertial forces of a moving matter need definition. In Newtonian mechanics an object of matter moving with a velocity needs no external force to maintain it's velocity as long as an external force does not act against the motion of the object of matter. According to Newton, the object of matter will continue in motion because of it's inertial velocity, or momentum. Newton's description of motion leads physical theory to a requirement of space that is void. Special Relativity suggests that an object with "mass" increases with velocity. If this is true then what is the mechanical cause of this phenomenon?
Motion of matter through space needs proper mechanical definition. Current physical theory fails to properly define the mechanics of motion which gives rise to a principal of indeterminacy that was rejected by Einstein and Plank. Proper definition of constant motion will eliminate the current duality problem in physical theory and thereby re-establish a principle of causality that Einstein and Plank fought to preserve. The duality problem currently associated with moving particles of matter disappears when the inertial work associated with motion is acknowledged. Space is not void, space has a mass value and must be measured by mass units. Moving an object of matter through space requires work. This work needs definition.
Physics is a broad subject. Ultimately, everything in the physical universe results from "electric charge" and can be defined "electrically". However, electric and magnetic fields would not exist as we know and observe without matter and the resulting space. An electric field as we know and observe, is nothing more than a distortion of inertial space caused by electric charge. Although electric charge is a primary form of space, and inertial "mass" results from interaction of electric field, inertial "mass" needs to be represented and defined before analysis of an electric field as we know and observe can be made.
Current physical theory fails to acknowledge and account for the work required of matter in order to exist. Without acknowledgment of the work requirements of matter, inertia and gravitation are not mechanically definable and must be taken for granted. This results in an "unreal" view of physical existence. As a result, Modern Physics has given up on physical reality and maintains that physical reality is a meaningless concept.
It must be acknowledged that inertial matter works to occupy space. Inertial
space has a "mass" value resulting from work done by
matter.
Once this is acknowledged, physical reality can be observed and defined.
Index
It was formerly believed that "aether" was present in space that allowed for the propagation of electromagnetic radiation. James Clerk Maxwell accepted the fact that this was true and derived a mathematical representation of these "electromagnetic waves". Also, Maxwell calculated the velocity of these "waves" through aether that he found to be 3x108m/sec. Maxwell assumed that electric and magnetic fields were carried through space by "vortexes of aether". From this assumption Maxwell concluded that if an electric charge were suddenly introduced into space, the effects of the charges electric field would not be instantaneously experienced at a distance from the point where the charge was introduced. It would take time for an electric field to develop around the point in space where the charge was introduced. A time lag for electric charge enabled Maxwell to calculate the velocity of electromagnetic waves as he modeled them.
An experiment was conducted to determine the Earth's velocity through the aether. The Michelson Morley Experiment failed to find that there was a velocity through space for the Earth relative to aether of space. It was concluded that there was no aether present because the Earth's velocity through an aether, or fabric of space, could not be measured. Einstein later showed that any measurement of the velocity of light would be constant regardless of motion and therefore motion could not be determined. Einstein derived his conclusions by assuming that all laws of physics, including Maxwell's equations, are the same in any frame of reference regardless of velocity. According to Einstein, things just don't add up.
Since Maxwell derived his equations using aether of space for electric and magnetic field, and if aether of space is assumed not to exist, can Maxwell's equations still be considered valid in physical theory? The dismissal of the existence of aether, or medium of space, destroys the foundation of Maxwell's work. One thing is certain, Maxwell knew what he was doing and he knew where he was going. Maxwell followed a path to reach the conclusions that he made. By dismissing the aether theory of space is like saying Maxwell drove from Mexico to Canada without driving through the United States.
In reality a fabric of space must exist. Modern Physics has to ignore the mechanical existence of this fabric because current physical theory cannot account for the energy requirements of matter the resulting space. Presently, physicists represent "mass" in terms of energy. Although it may be accurate to define "mass" with energy units, it is meaningless to define the dynamic existence of "matter" with units of energy.
The definition of energy is the ability to do work. If you are driving down the road with a full tank of fuel (energy) and approach a hill, energy (fuel) is consumed in the process of doing the work required to go to the top of the hill. Although energy was needed and consumed, energy did not get you to the top of the hill, the power of the vehicle did. If your vehicle is heavily loaded, and your vehicle has insufficient power to carry the load, all of the oil in the Persian Gulf won't get you to the top of the hill.
Since "Matter ("mass" would have been a better word in this statement) is everywhere present and there is no intervening space unoccupied by it" as stated by Michael Faraday, calculated by Maxwell, and related by Einstein, how is space defined in terms of mass and a corresponding value of energy? Presently space is not defined as having a value of mass which reverts back to the space-aether relationship that is currently ignored by physical theory. Once again, to define matter in terms of energy is absurd because a larger fuel tank does not increase the power of the vehicle.
How much work is required of matter? If an object of inertial matter exists infinitely, it would have to do an infinite quantity of work and an infinite quantity of energy is required for that work. So a measurement of inertial matter with energy units would have to correspond to a measurement of matters' existence without a measurement of elapsed time. When "time" is counted and introduced to the equation, the dynamic existence of inertial matter is found to correspond with a value of "power", work done per second or energy consumed per second of time.
Work that is completed by inertial matter in a unit of time is a generated force field of inertia, or space. Therefore, inertia is a force field of inertial matter that is generated by inertial matter, and enables inertial matter to have a property of inertia and a measurement of "mass". Also, gravitation of matter is related to the matter's ability to generate a force field of inertia. Furthermore, space has "mass" and is measured by "mass" units.
The Michelson Morley Experiment failed to show the Earth's velocity through space because space is an extension of matter, as predicted by Faraday. Therefore, when a velocity of matter is observed, the object of matter and the space of the object are both moving at the same velocity so any measured relative velocity between space and matter will be zero. This isn't exactly true because space flows from inertial matter at a velocity that is related to the "power" and geometry of the object of matter, which will yield a redshift of electromagnetic radiation released from the object. A volume of space is created, or generated, as a result of work by matter and moves outwards from any object of inertial matter.
Current physical theory describes gravitation as an effect of "distorted space-time" caused by "?matter?" and no forces are involved that result in gravitation. Also, current physical theory offers no mechanical definition of the cause of an inertial property of matter. Once again, the underlying problem with current physical theory is the misconception that the total energy of "?matter?" is a finite quantity. This limits the ability of physical theory to define the functionality of the work, power, and forces of inertial matter. The result is a non-definition of gravitation and inertia because there is no energy available to define the forces and work involved with gravitation and inertia.
Gravitation occurs between objects of matter when there is a conflict between the objects force field of inertia. There is not an attractive force of gravity as defined by Newton. There are, however, forces involved that cause the effect of gravitation. When two objects of matter exist near one another, gravitation occurs, as a result of each object interfering with the other object's ability to occupy space. A large object of matter will generate space with more authority than a small object of matter. The resulting conflict will cause the smaller object to do a greater unbalanced quantity of work in the process of generating its force field of inertia. A small object of matter has difficulty generating force field in the direction of a large object of matter because the space toward the large object is occupied by the force field of the more powerful large object of matter. The small object must therefore generate more inertia force field in the opposite direction of the larger, more powerful object of matter. This causes the small object to accelerate toward the large object due to more power burned on it's force field of inertia in the opposite direction of the large object of matter.
Mathematical analysis of matter, mass, energy, power, work, force, space and
gravitation yields a formula for computing acceleration due to gravity,
g=m/4cmd2p .
The value of g, acceleration due to gravity for an object of matter, is related to the
object's ability to occupy space. The equation, g=m/4cmd2p
, is 1/4 of the inertial field velocity of "mass" that is calculated
by dividing the work of inertia per second by the force applied on the
inertial field (W/F=s). A closer look at gravitation, with links to calculations
and definitions, can be reviewed in the next section.
Index
The formula for calculating the acceleration due to gravity, g=m/4cmd2p, is derived from the assumption that gravitation results from an interaction, or interference, of a force field of inertia that is generated by matter. In order to define an inertial property of matter, and the resulting gravitational effects of matter, the total energy of an object of matter must be defined as an infinite quantity. E=mc2/sec represents the Power at which an object of matter operates. This power represents the rate at which energy is consumed in the process of doing Work. The work that is done by inertial matter is the production and displacement of an inertial force field, or space.
Using the equation E=mc2, it is assumed that matter does mc2
work per second. Work is a product of force and distance. Therefore, matter applies a force on its inertial field and moves the inertial field a distance
each second. Gravitation occurs when there is an exchange of 'momentum'
from one object of matter to another, resulting from a collision, or interference,
of inertial force field. In order to represent this exchange, matter has
to be acknowledged as a dynamic entity with infinite energy. Space has
to be defined in terms of mass.
A constant defines the value of inertial field density. This constant,
cm, has a numeric value of 299792458 kg / m3.
As inertial matter exists, it produces "garbage", small particles that are left over
from electric interactions that must be disposed of. The quantity of garbage,
or energy, is proportional to the power at which matter operates and is displaced
by inertial matter to generate space at a density of 299792458 kg/m3.
The geometry of this work can be calculated. Mass/sec divided by density
equals inertial field volume/sec. IF volume + Earth volume = total volume.
The distance that the Earth's IF traveled in one second is equal to the
total volume radius minus the Earth's radius. This value
of IF radius is calculated to be 39.25 meters at the Earth's surface.
With this value of displacement, the force applied on the Earth's field
can be calculated. In one second the Earth does a mc2 quantity
of work. The force applied is equal to mc2/39.25m (F=W/s). The
value of force applied by the earth on its IF is calculated to be 1.37E+40
kgm/sec2. The pressure of inertial field displacement must be
constant if a medium that supports a constant velocity of light exists,
and is found to be cm*c2. In MKS units the force/area
of inertial field for any object of inertial matter is equal to the numeric value of c3.
The acceleration due to gravity is 1/4 the power of mass divided by the
applied force of matter.
Calculated values of g are compared in this table.
Calculations for g are of masses in the solar system that are relatively
well defined and represented by data
from NASA. From calculations on this table, the calculated values of
g are found to correspond to the accepted values for the current
data from NASA. Using the currently accepted value for the Earth's mass,
5.9736E+24 kg, and the undisputed mean volume radius, 6371010 m, the calculated
value of g (g=m/4cmd2p
) is low, 9.77m/sec2, when compared to 9.82m/sec2
as calculated with a newtonian constant, 'G'. However, the "mass" value of
the Earth that is used for these calculations should be questioned. From
a data source available at JPL, the Earth "mass" is found to be 6.002E+24
kg which is the sum total of the calculated "mass" of the layers of the Earth
from geophysical data. Using this value of Earth mass
in the formula, g=m/4cmd2p
, the value of g is found to be 9.81m/sec2 as compared
to a value of 9.87m/sec2 using the currently accepted value
for 'G' in Newton's formula.
Using a "mass" value for the Earth from geophysical data puts Newton's
formula in error using the present value for 'G'. What is the "Matter"?
Considering that the Earth "mass" value of 5.9736E+24kg is obtained with
the influence of a newtonian constant that is calculated from laboratory
apparatus with less than 100% accuracy, this question should be easy to
answer. After all, any measured value of 'G' with the finest laboratory
equipment available, will always yield a result that is approximately 1/16cp
because that is what 'G' is.
Another table shows calculations for momentum
exchanges between the Sun and the planets. This table represents calculated
values of gravitational acceleration for each planet as a result of an
exchange of momentum between the Sun and each planet. These uncorrected
calculated values correspond with observational data.
Any effect of gravitation occurs as a direct result of a momentum exchange between objects of matter. Along an x-axis a collision between a spherical 1kg "mass" with a radius of 0.05m will occur near the Earth's surface. Since the IF density is constant, and the velocity of the field can be calculated, the quantity of momentum for the 1kg object colliding with the earth's field can be calculated. The resulting momentum change and velocity of the 1kg object can be determined.
A trained mathematical eye can quickly see that after 1 second the momentum
of the 1kg object will be 1/4 of the 1kg "mass" times the Earth's IF velocity.
The reason for this is 1/4 of the 1kg "mass" cannot occupy space normally
along an x-axis. That "mass" must fill space with the velocity of the Earth's
inertial field, which results in a momentum of 1/4*1kg*39.2m/sec released
from mass in the opposite direction of the Earth. Action reaction and conservation
of momentum requires that 9.8kg m/sec of momentum must be accounted for
in the direction of the Earth. A velocity of 9.8m/sec in the direction
of the Earth results for the 1kg object after a collision of 1 second of
"mass".
Since the collision between the Earth and the 1kg "mass" is continuous,
and a velocity has been established for a 1 second collision, or interference,
forces that yield acceleration can be evaluated. After one second of time,
the flow of IF from the Earth relative to the 1kg object is now 48.88m/sec.
The gain in momentum released from the 1kg object along an x-axis is 2.45kg
m/sec in one second, or 2.45kg m/sec2, an applied force. The
applied force of 2.45kg m/sec2, divided by the "mass" of 0.25kg,
yields a constant acceleration of the disc "mass" of 9.80m/sec2.
This table shows calculations for a free falling object
with "mass" to the Earth in a vacuum.
So, an initial force of acceleration is felt that is equal to the object weight as the object is held. This force is applied by 1/4 of the "mass" released along the x-axis times the field velocity of the Earth relative to the object. As the object falls, the force of acceleration on the object is also equal to the object weight, which yields an acceleration of the x component of "mass" relative to the Earth. During free fall, a falling object has a weight that is 1/4 of the weight of the same held object. This is because of the fact that "mass" released along the y and z plane are not involved in a conflict to occupy space other than the constant inertial field pressure of cm*c2. An object's weight along the x-axis causes the object to accelerate as it falls to the Earth. To say that an object of matter is "weightless" during free fall is pure fiction. If the object has no weight during free fall it would fall at a constant velocity. Also, that velocity would be zero because once the object was released it would be "weightless" and there would be no force available to move it to the Earth.
An untrained mathematical eye may look at this description of gravitation and think that a velocity of 39.25m/sec installed on the 1kg object in the opposite direction of the Earth would allow the object to "outrun" the inertial field of the Earth. This is not the case and for obvious reasons. If you hold an object of matter above the Earth and drop it, the object moves toward the Earth and the Earth moves toward the object proportional to the forces involved. Conversely, if a force is applied to the object to move it from the surface of the Earth at a velocity, the Earth also moves in the opposite direction proportional to the forces involved. The reason for this is an object of matter forced away from the surface of the Earth is "pushing" space in front of it and "pulling" a void behind it. The inertial field velocity from the Earth behind the object is allowed to move at an increased velocity proportional to the velocity of the object. The result of this field velocity increase is the Earth moves a minuscule amount in the opposite direction. This is an opposite effect of gravitation that must exist; otherwise Newton's law of action reaction would fail under this circumstance and would therefore be invalid.
Also, a force of "gravity" on the object with "mass" is maintained on the object due to the increase in Earth field velocity proportional to the velocity of the object resulting in a constant net velocity through the object of 39.25m/sec. So when the force moving the object away from the Earth is removed, the motion of the object of "mass" slows because of it's "weight", and the object falls back to the Earth proportional to the acceleration due to "gravity". At moderate velocities, the Earth's inertial field cannot be outrun because the Earth's field will "chase" an object of "mass" forced away from it. It's a pressure thing. The Earth works to occupy space. Forcing an object of "mass" away from the Earth increases the Earth's ability to occupy space in the geometric region behind the forced object of "mass".
This analysis of a gravitational effect, although it can mathematically describe momentum exchanges between inertial matter, is not an accurate description of the gravitational effect. It is necessary to describe gravitation in this fashion to introduce the mechanics of an inertial property. After an analysis of constant motion is introduced, the effect of gravitation can be represented with greater accuracy.
The mechanics and effects of inertial field displacement can be simulated by air displaced from a plastic jug. To fabricate a mechanical model that represents a gravitational effect, poke small holes equally around the circumference of a cylindrical jug. Connect the jug to the shop vacuum hose. Connect the shop vacuum hose to the outlet port of the vacuum. Turn the vacuum on and air is forced out of the holes in the plastic jug.
The mass velocity of the air escaping from the jug is mechanically similar to an inertial field. If the jug is at rest, more force is required to move the jug in any direction parallel to airflow when the vacuum is turned on due to the mass velocity of the air forced from the jug. Now set the jug on a table horizontally. One would think that the airflow from the jug would force the jug from the table due to the force of air pushing on the table.
The opposite effect is observed. The jug sticks to the table. The extra force holding the jug to the table is mechanically similar to an effect of gravitation. As the jug rests on the table, the jug's ability to release air in the direction of the table is reduced due to a resistance of airflow toward the table. This resistance of airflow causes an increased mass velocity of air in the opposite direction of the table. As a result, the jug is forced to the table due to an increase power of airflow in the direction opposite the table and a reduced power of airflow in the direction of the table. If the jug is placed over an air vent with a proportionate velocity for the medium of "inertia" used, a similar effect is also noticed.
In a "nutshell" this is a description of gravitation that defines cause
and effect. It is impossible to define the mechanism of gravitation using
present physical theory. The change in present physical theory that needs
to occur must have an understanding of the functionality of work that is
done by inertial matter that enables a measurement of mass. Also, it needs to be understood that space is mass and space
must be defined in terms of mass. Michael Faraday once stated,
"Matter is everywhere present and there is no intervening space unoccupied
by it". Also, Albert Einstein was once caught saying, "It was formerly
believed that if all material things were removed from the universe, time
and space would be left. Relativity Theory states that time and space disappear
together with the things." This matter-space relationship of inertial matter
must exist in order for any Relativity Theory to be considered reality.
Index
In this section, the mechanical requirements of matter with motion through space is represented. Although the title is "Constant Motion", detailed discussion of mass acceleration is necessary as that is the process required to obtain constant motion. This section introduces concepts needed to mechanically express relativity of motion. As with the rest of this report, far more discussion is needed to accurately define the physics of motion than will be found here.
Mechanics of constant motion is not as simple as would be indicated assuming that an inertial property of matter is an "innate force of matter" as acknowledged by Newton and Einstein. Without defining the cause and effect of an inertial property, this property is "taken for granted" and prevents an accurate mechanical definition of Classical Mechanics.
Current physical theory is haunted with a duality problem concerning motion. If a particle of matter is in constant motion, a wave is associated with that motion. Current physical theory prevents simultaneous definition of a wave and particle motion. If the motion of the particle is defined, then the wave associated with the motion is not definable. If the wave motion is defined, then the motion and existence of the particle is not definable.
If the cause and effect of an inertial property of matter is acknowledged and accounted for, this duality problem disappears. In fact, it is impossible to define the motion of an inertial particle of mass without simultaneous definition of the associated wave. When an object of matter has a velocity in space, displacement of space occurs. A "wave", for lack of a better word, is formed with energy that is proportional to the rate of space displacement. The "energy" of the produced "wave" enables an object of inertial matter to maintain constant motion by an applied inertial force, which results from an inertial "power" that is unbalanced.
It's a fluid dynamics thing. If you have a marble on a string and you pull the marble through a bathtub filled with fluid a constant force is required to maintain a constant velocity through the fluid. The force required is proportional to the rate of displacement of the fluid.
Now suppose that the string attached to the marble is a hose that is connected to the faucet and the marble is drilled so fluid is added to the tub by the marble as it exists in the tub. Now suppose that this system has been engineered so that when a force of acceleration is applied on the marble, a proportionate reduction of fluid released in the direction of the accelerated motion of the marble is maintained. The reduction of fluid released in the direction of acceleration is due to the collision between the fluid in the tub and the fluid forced from the marble. Then the force causing acceleration of the marble is removed. The marble, in this proportionately engineered system, will then maintain a constant velocity due to the work difference of filling the tub in the direction of motion and the opposite direction of motion.
Einstein's relativity theory indicates that when an object of "matter", with a measurement of "mass", has a velocity in space, the quantity of "mass" increases because of its velocity in space. This phenomenon is well represented by high-energy physics using particle accelerators. Can it be concluded that the quantity of "mass" increase from a relative velocity through space corresponds with an equivalent increase of the quantity of "matter". Also, is a "mass" increase reality, or is it an illusion of reality? Does the value of mass actually increase, or does the ability of the mass to be accelerated decrease?
Back to the bathtub. We continue to accelerate the marble until the marble is unable to release any fluid in the direction of the accelerated motion due to the increased momentum exchange between the fluid forced from the marble and the fluid in the tub. At this point we have achieved the maximum sustainable velocity of this system. If we accelerate the marble further and release it, the accelerated velocity of the marble will decelerate to the previously established maximum velocity, due to a lack of increase of work in the direction opposite of the accelerated motion.
Now, suppose that we increase the volume of fluid, or "mass", released from the marble. This would correspond with an increase of the quantity of "matter" in this example. By opening the faucet and increasing the flow, the maximum sustainable velocity is now increased. This should answer the previous question, as an increase in "mass" value would enable an increase of the maximum sustainable velocity without an upper limit using Einstein's analysis of "mass" relations.
In reality, we are not dealing with marbles, tubs and fluid, we are dealing with inertial matter and inertial space. Inertial matter, measured by a value of mass, works to occupy, or generate, space. Force is applied by inertial matter in the process of occupying space. The momentum of an object of inertial matter is constant. All inertial space is mass.
As inertial matter exists, displacement of mass, or space occurs. Inertial matter applies a force that causes a volume of displacement and work is done as
inertial matter exists. When an object of matter has a velocity relative to
space (mass), displacement of the volume
of space (mass) is reduced in the direction of motion due to an exchange of momentum,
or a collision, in the direction of motion. Quantum mechanics 'quantizes'
this collision per unit of time. Establishing a unit of time for a collision
event enables the force of the collision to be calculated.
From the calculations in the section on gravitation, it was established
that an object of inertial matter applies a force on its inertial
field of c3/m2 (c3=cm*c2).
If the established velocity is
along an x-axis, and the inertial field density is 'c' kg/m3,
then the force of the collision can be calculated assuming that the object of inertial
matter has a wave associated with its velocity as implied by de Brogile using
Plank's constant, h. The wavelength of the object with a velocity equals,
h/mv.
The period, or time, for one collision is equal to wavelength/velocity. Given the period, space density and velocity, the momentum and force of the collision between the object of inertial matter and space can be calculated for each quantum collision. Using the area of the object associated with the x-axis, p r2, the mass of space involved, vtp r2c, and the velocity, v, the momentum of space colliding with the space generated by the object of inertial matter per quantum event is v2tp r2c. Since this momentum is exchanged in one period the force applied on the inertial "mass" of the object by the space is F=mv/t or v2tp r2c/t or v2p r2c. So the net force applied on the inertial field by the inertial matter in the direction of the velocity is c3p r2- v2p r2c. Now suppose that the object of inertial matter has a velocity of 'c', the net force applied on the inertial field in the direction of motion is zero, c3p r2- v2p r2c or c3p r2- c3p r2=0. With a net force of zero in the direction of motion no inertial work can be done in the direction of motion by the object of inertial matter at a velocity of 'c'.
In the -x direction, the inertial force applied increases in proportion to the collision force. The inertial work done in the -x direction also increases in direct proportion to the increase of inertial force applied. At moderate velocities the ratio of inertial force, F-x/Fx, is close to the number 1. As the velocity approaches c this force ratio increases dramatically. This force ratio indicates that Einstein's perception of "mass (?matter?)" increase with velocity is an illusion of physical reality. The "mass" value of the object does not increase as Einstein indicated, the ability of the object of matter to be accelerated decreases which gives a particle with "mass" at high velocity an illusion of having an increased "mass" value due to an increased force requirement for a constant acceleration. Also, Einstein's relativistic mass distortion factor of (1- v2/c2)1/2 has not been found in this classical mechanical analysis of events. By using classical mechanics to interpret this aspect of relativity, a "total" distortion factor of 1-v2/c2 has been established. In Newtonian mechanics F=ma, in reality, from external observation, any object of mass under constant acceleration requires a force of ma / 1- v2/c2. Therefore, any force applied to a object with mass will yield an acceleration of F/m * 1- v2/c2.
So, the mass value of the object actually appears to increase due to an increased force demand for a constant acceleration. Assuming a constant force yields a constant acceleration, this would indicate an increase of inertia for the object as the velocity increases. However, considering the cause of an inertial property, a velocity induced increase of mass value for the object would correspond with a velocity induced increase of inertial power, which would correspond with a velocity induced increase of inertial force and a maximum achievable velocity for the object would have no upper limit.
Logically, within the definitions of classical mechanics, there is no mechanical cause of a velocity induced increase of "inertia" for an object of matter. Therefore, an increased force requirement for a constant acceleration, due to an increase of velocity, does not result from increase of mass value for the object. Since the force applied that causes acceleration is external, and an increase of mass value does not occur, it is found that the acceleration of an object decreases with increasing velocity when a constant force is applied.
This analysis seems to cause a problem with mechanics as described by Newton. According to Newton, F=ma. If you are in the control room of a particle accelerator, you will observe that F=ma*(1- v2/c2). From this observation you could conclude that mechanics, as described by Newton, is inaccurate. However, like it or not, your observation of the mass acceleration event has no physical significance. From the control room, your association with the mechanical event of mass acceleration is external. Therefore, your observations and conclusions of this event have no physical meaning.
If you are the proton in the particle accelerator, you will observe that Newton's description of mechanics is accurate. As you pass a clock and velocity display that is fixed to the particle accelerator and compare the rate of that clock with your clock, you observe that your clock ticks at a slower rate. You observe that the external clock is too fast by a factor of (1/(1- v2/c2))^1/2. As you experience acceleration from a constant force, using your clock and distance markings consistent to "absolute space", you observe that your acceleration is constant and find that Newton's description is accurate, F=ma.
When you come to rest and compare notes with the observer in the control room, the observer maintains that Newton's description, F=ma, is inaccurate because it was observed that a=F/m * (1- v2/c2). You argue that Newton's description, F=ma, was found to be accurate from your observations and explain that the clock in the control room was running to fast by a factor of (1/ (1- v2/c2))^1/2, so the calculations of acceleration made in the control room were distorted by a factor of (1- v2/c2).
This explanation is not satisfactory to the observer in the control room. You are suggesting that the control room clock ticks at a rate that is not constant and the observer in the control room knows that the control room clock rate is constant. In an attempt to settle the argument, you explain that observations made in the control room have no physical meaning because they were made external of the mechanical system that experienced acceleration. This explanation is also unsatisfactory to the control room observer. From the control room it was witnessed, and logically concluded, that the clock in the control room is constant regardless of your velocity, the rate of your acceleration from a constant applied force decreased by a factor of (1- v2/c2), and, from your description of events, it was concluded that the rate of your clock varied depending upon velocity, v, as indicated by the velocity display.
In order to settle this argument, a linear mass accelerator is constructed. A spring is installed between two carts with equal mass. The spring used in this apparatus is capable of accelerating each cart to velocities that approach 'c'. Also, this spring is designed to compress and release at a constant force. You ride in one cart, the other observer rides in the other cart.
The spring is compressed and the ride begins. After the ride is over, notes from observations are compared. Of coarse, both you and the other observer find agreement that F=ma. Once this agreement is reached, further discussion of the events enables an understanding of why Newton's mechanical descriptions are accurate.
First of all, time, a local or internal function of inertial matter, needs to be measured in a fashion that is consistent regardless of physical condition. Secondly, space, an external dimension of inertial matter, needs to be acknowledged as "absolute" and represented with a coordinate system consistent to any observer capable of making measurements of distance. Newton, who was far more intelligent with his physical descriptions than he was credited, provided these definitions in the principia.
Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to anything external.
Absolute space, in its own nature, without relation to anything external remains always similar and immovable.
Absolute motion is the translation of a body from one absolute space into another.
Newton was particular about language used in his work. It is common knowledge that he was not completely satisfied with these statements. Newton was familiar with relativity as he realized observed motion of an object was in relation to other objects of matter. He also realized that absolute space is unobservable as indicated by this comment, "the parts of that immovable space, in which those motions are performed, do by no means come under the observation of our senses".
For the era of scientific development that these statements describing time, space, and motion were made, given the self critical nature of Newton's use of language, and the obvious genius of his understanding of physical processes, these statements are as accurate as humanly possible. Using these statements for guidance, answers to three questions concerning physical process can be found. What time is it? How far away is it? How fast am I traveling?
To date, considering observations of the mathematical nature of 'time itself', Newton's description of "absolute time" is accurate by all accounts. It has been determined by numerous observations that time is a measured quantity of an internal function of matter, 'without relation to anything external'. There is not a "standard clock" that can measure time for all events observed. If you want to know what time it is, look at your own clock. The clock on the wall is related to something external and, as far as you are concerned, does not measure 'absolute, true, and mathematical time.
Newton struggled with finding a satisfactory physical description of space. Space is external to an object of matter. From previous text it is suggested that space results from mechanical work of matter. This work function of matter, allows mechanical description of an inertial property for an object of matter. Also, with the introduction of a mechanical cause for space itself, mechanical properties of space can be determined.
For the time being, Newton's description of 'absolute space' should be maintained as an accurate description of space and how observations concerning motion through space are interpreted. Presently, we have data to support inconsistencies of space which would lead to the dismissal of Newton's concept of 'absolute space'. Once again, Newton was familiar with relativity and was concerned with the proper description of space. As a result, Newton's description of absolute space: "Absolute space, of its own nature, without relation to anything external remains always similar and immovable". By describing space as "always similar", Newton provided room in his description of space for conditions of relativity. Newton's concept of absolute space, that is always similar but not necessarily consistent, provides a logical foundation for a method of measuring distance that is consistent to any observer regardless of physical condition. Logically, the dimensions of geometric space (length, width, height) needs identical measure for any observer as space is external to inertial matter.
As defined by Newton, "Absolute motion is the translation of a body from one absolute space to another". Considering that absolute time is an internal function of matter and absolute space is external of matter, now we can determine how fast am I traveling?
I have to "run like hell" now. I'll be back to elaborate on this later. For now, figure it out for yourself. Using Classical Mechanics you will find an accurate, logical and obvious reason why no measured velocity can exceed 'c', the velocity of light.
It should be curious why Plank's constant is the value that it is and how is this constant is related to c. One fact should be noted, there are only two fundamental particles of stable inertial matter, an electron and a proton. Plank's constant defines the mechanical requirements of space displacement. From an 'at rest' perspective, Plank's constant is numerically equal to the mass x field velocity for fundamental particles of stable inertial mass, in mks units, h=m2/cp d2, where c is inertial field density.
This mechanical property of inertial space determines the total energy per wavelength of the wave associated with a particle moving with a velocity. It also provides definition of the work difference of inertial matter per wavelength, (W-x)-(Wx)=h/2. So the kinetic energy of the object with mass is equal to the inertial power driving the object, h/2*period=1/2mv2.
At moderate velocities the kinetic energy of matter is approximately equal
to 1/2 mv2. So if the object of matter hits something, energy of 1/2mv2
will be delivered in the collision. At high velocities approaching c, the
ability of the object with mass to be accelerated, or decelerated in this case, is
reduced due to the wave energy. The maximum energy delivered in any collision
is equal to mc2, 1/2mv2 is delivered by the power
of inertia and 1/2mv2 is delivered by the potential energy of
the displaced space. This is why any photon has kinetic energy of mc2,
as that is the quantity of energy that can do work in a collision at the
maximum velocity.
This table shows calculated values for a proton
moving at velocities ranging from 1m/sec to 1m/sec less than c. An identical
table shows values for an electron. Note that the
net x value of work per wavelength is constant and equal to h/2. Note how
rapidly the net x force value of inertia decreases as the velocity approaches
'c' and the square root of -x force value divided by the 'at rest' x force
value is equal to (1- v2/c2)1/2. Note
that the -x force value divided by the 'at rest' x force value rapidly
approaches a maximum value of 2 when the velocity approaches 'c'. This
indicates that any object with mass and a velocity of 'c' is associated with an inertial
power rate of mc2, rather than an infinite value as indicated
by Einstein. This corresponds with the mechanical abilities of photons.
Also note that the net x force inertia per 1/2 wavelength, the distance that the net force can act, divided by the total value of inertial mass yields an acceleration value for each wavelength. This value multiplied by the period yields a velocity relative to the 'wave' that is equal to the wavelength. Of course a velocity relative to the wavelength that is equal to the wavelength is the velocity of the system 'v'. This enables a 'smooth' interpretation of this motion, which is probably reality. This 'smooth' interpretation enables the position and velocity of the particle to be determined precisely, which allows for the dismissal of the Uncertainty Principal. It is also possible to define these events as quantum, or jerky, in nature due to the acceleration value per wavelength that is equal to the velocity. This would probably be an abstract or 'unreal' viewpoint as there is no logical reason for this interpretation.
In conclusion, there is not a duality problem when defining the motion
of objects of matter. This is because it is impossible to correctly define the motion
of matter without simultaneous definition of the 'wave' associated with the
moving object of matter. This conclusion eliminates the principle of indeterminacy
that, ironically, was rejected by both Albert Einstein and Max Planck back
in 1927.
Index
Electric and magnetic fields, as can be observed, result from distortions of inertial field. A positive electric field will cause inertial field to expand resulting in space with a constant pressure and a lower density. A negative electric charge compresses space to a greater density while maintaining a constant pressure. Magnetic fields result from changing electric fields that produce a pressure field within an inertial field.
In a perfect world, a negative electric charge will compress a volume of space to an increased density, and a positive electric charge will expand a volume of space to a reduced density. Although space would have a varied density, the pressure would be constant. This would result in a non-attraction of positive and negative electric fields. This is because a charge introduced into inertial space, that has a finite quantity of energy, would deplete its energy by doing work on the inertial field. As time progresses, the volume of space where the effects of the charge can be experienced would reduce to a minimum value and no forces or varied inertial space density would be observed outside of the minimum volume.
Conversely, also in a perfect world, an electric charge with infinite energy would affect a volume of space without an upper limit. A single negative charge could compress infinite space and a positive charge could displace infinite space.
Fortunately, our world is not perfectly smooth, it is quantum mechanical. Inertial space is not entirely rigid and the elastic property of inertial field allows for variance of inertial field pressures, or magnetic fields. In fact, an electric charge in inertial space will not attract or repel another electric charge. An electric charge produces a mono-pole magnetic field in space. A negative electric charge will produce a field of low pressure. A positive electric charge will produce a field of high pressure. A constant inertial field pressure of inertial space will cause mass of low pressure to attract mass of high pressure due to a relief of work done between the opposite fields.
Any electric charge has infinite energy. The process of producing a mono-pole magnetic field in inertial space is quantum in nature. This process of space distortion is best described by stretching a balloon with tongs. The mechanical properties of the balloon are best defined as semi-rigid and semi-elastic. If you hold an inflated balloon and pull the end with a pair of tongs, work is done proportional to the force and distance that the balloon is pulled. Potential energy is stored in the displaced balloon. As the balloon is pulled further, the force required to displace the balloon exceeds the ability of the tongs to hold the balloon and the balloon rebounds to its original state due to the potential energy that was stored in the balloon. In order to repeat the process you must do another quantity of work to displace the balloon. To repeat this process for an infinite time, you would have to do an infinite quantity of work, which requires infinite energy.
When a positive electric charge exists near a negative electric charge in space, constructive interference occurs. The positive charge increases the ability of the negative charge to displace mass in the direction of the positive charge. The negative charge increases the ability of the positive charge to displace mass in the direction of the negative charge. An attractive force results from the positive charge doing less work in the direction of the negative charge and the negative charge doing an increased quantity of work in the direction of the positive charge.
Calculations can be made that define work done by electric charges.
Also, electromagnetic waves can be defined by inertial distortion.
Index
Photons, although they can be properly defined as electromagnetic, are an entirely different species and are caused by collisions of mass. Since electromagnetic waves and photons can both be defined as "electromagnetic", they both travel with the same velocity in inertial space. Photons, however, are both "quantum spherical" and linear in nature.
The mechanical difference of these waves can be distinguished by dropping a rock in the pond. Although water is a rigid fluid without the proportional elasticity, events can be observed that separate the mechanical nature of these two waves. As the rock enters the water a displacement of water is observed. This displacement causes the water to rise above the normal level around the circumference of the rock. From there, gravity does its thing and simple harmonic motion is produced in a volume of water around the circumference of the rock. This simple harmonic motion causes circular transverse waves to be produced that are propagated outwards from this event.
After the rock passes through the surface of the pond, water is allowed to flow back into the volume that was displaced by the rock. When this occurs, a volume of water is accelerated in the opposite direction of the velocity if the impacting rock. The mass velocity of this volume of water, in the opposite direction of the impacting mass, is how photons are produced.
Although photons are essentially electromagnetic (as is everything in
the physical universe), photons can be defined by an inertial, or mass,
displacement resulting from an exchange of momentum. Also, photons are
mass and can carry momentum. Electromagnetic waves, on the other hand,
have a value of positive momentum, an equal value of negative momentum,
and therefore can carry a net momentum of zero. Failure to distinguish
the mechanical difference between photons an electromagnetic waves gives
rise to a duality problem concerning definition of a photons existence.
Index
If an electron is accelerated toward a proton, a collision will occur between the electron and the inertial mass of the proton. During this collision there is an exchange of momentum resulting from an impulse of force applied on each mass involved. The impulse of force applied to the inertial proton mass causes a photon release from the proton mass. The momentum of this photon is equal to the momentum that was lost by the electron from the collision. The period of the photon is 3 times longer than the impulse of the collision to occur.
Any photon can be divided into three equal sections, a section of displacement with maximum potential energy, a section of normal density with maximum kinetic energy, and a section of compression with maximum negative potential energy. As the electron collides with the inertial space of a proton, mass is displaced by the impacting electron. This displacement is mechanically similar to work done by a positive electric charge. After the positive displacement is complete, inertial space has potential energy that is released by filling a void that was created. Once the space is filled, the kinetic energy of the affected space is at the maximum. This kinetic energy is now driving a compression of inertial space. Upon completion of the compression event, potential energy is stored as compressed space that is mechanically similar to the work done by a negative electric charge.
The mechanical existence of a photon can be defined by the work of inertial displacement. Although inertial displacement is caused by "electromagnetic" effects of inertial space, the net result of these "electromagnetic" effects is inertial displacement. Therefore, definition of the exact nature of electromagnetic process is inconsequential to the definition of a photon's mechanical existence.
This table shows calculated values of factors pertaining to inertial existence of various photons. The wavelength, period, frequency, energy, mass and directional inertial force can be established for any photon using the relationship of E=hv as established in quantum theory. Assuming that a photon is generated by a mass displacement that is equivalent to a quantity of positive electric charge, and a photon has three equal energies, maximum PE, maximum KE and maximum -KE, the mass value of the positive inertial displacement is established as 1/3m. This corresponds to a volume of displacement given an inertial field density of, c. This volume displacement corresponds with a radius of displacement and a surface area of displaced field. The surface area of displacement times c^3 times displaced radius is equal to the potential energy stored in inertial space due to "positive electric charge".
This potential energy is directional, as it is now directed opposite the collision that caused the displacement. Now there is a directional force applied by a displaced mass of inertial space. In order to minimize this discussion of events, this directional force yields an acceleration value for the photon mass and a compression event occurs. Of course the acceleration times the period equals the constant velocity, c, for any photon. Please note this analysis of events is not by any means a real description of photon existence. The mathematical end result, however, is consistent with the facts.
To accurately define any photon by electric and magnetic fields is impossible
without consideration of inertial mass involved. Acknowledging the fact
that an electric field can be produced mechanically eliminates the current
duality problem for photons. Photons must be observed as mass and waves
simultaneously. In fact, if they are observed in any other fashion you
are only getting half of the story.
Index
The cause of a gravitational effect is essentially a "no brainer" as it is nothing more than an object of matter interfering with another object of matter's inertial existence. As matter exists, it works. If a matter exists infinitely, then it is associated with infinite energy. The power of matter is conserved. Motion of matter is observed when the power of inertia is unbalanced. Acceleration of matter occurs when the balance of inertial power is changing.
A fabric of space must exist. Rather than call this fabric "aether", which seems to be a dirty word in mainstream science, suppose we call this fabric of space "mass". This goes way back to a comment made by Michael Faraday in which he said: "Matter is everywhere present and there is no intervening space unoccupied by it". Therefore, as implied by Faraday, space has mass.
From Newton's acknowledgment of the situation, there was an "aether" density variation associated with gravity. As it turns out an "aether" density variation cannot exist in space as that would give rise to a variable velocity of light, which must be maintained as constant. Therefore, a variation of density is substituted by a variance of "aether" velocity that causes an inverse square law for gravitational force to be experienced.
Although Newton's formula for computing gravitational force is related to the distances between the bodies, Newton knew that this force of attraction was related to the surface area of an "aether field" associated with the matter. Therefore, Newton's description of gravitation is more realistic than Einstein's. Einstein's understanding of inertial matter existence failed to acknowledge that inertial matter is associated with infinite energy. If Einstein would have realized that matter continuously works to occupy space then his analysis of gravitation would have been correct.
If you "reverse engineer" Newton's formula for gravitational acceleration, then a constant is established that indicates a constant "inertial field density". When the work function of matter is taken into consideration you will find that the acceleration due to "gravity" is equal to m/4cmd2p where 'c' carries units of kg/m^3, and the Newtonian gravitational constant is nothing more than 1/16cp. This indicates that space has a density that is relatively large when compared to normal material densities of matter that we observe. However, when compared to densities associated nuclear matter, this number is very small and seemingly insignificant.
Although electro-inertial relationships responsible for atomic and nuclear structure have not been represented in these documents, it should be obvious where Modern Physics was led astray. Einstein produced relativity theories without preserving a method of mechanical definition. Also, Niels Bohr represented an atomic model for the atom, along with seemingly correct mathematical analysis of quantum mechanics, that caused flaws in quantum theory. Einstein and Planck both fought to preserve a principle of causality, the ability to predict with certainty future physical events, without success. Since then Modern Physics has become stagnant.
Acknowledgment of the inertial work done by matter as it exists will give
rise to an atomic structure similar to that suggested by J.J.Thomson.
Thomson, who was responsible for determining the inertial existence of
the electron, suggested a "positive jelly model" for the atom. He
envisioned a sphere of "positive jelly" in which electrons were imbedded.
Thomson's atomic model is a closer description of reality than the Bohr
model.
Acknowledgment of inertial work will enable proper modeling of nuclear
structure. In the future, pages may be included to represent atomic and
nuclear structure. For now, look at the last column on this
table, this column is the ratio of inertial field velocity to mass
radius. Looks like it is "relatively" "windy" near sub-atomic particles.
This will have a factor in proper nuclear and atomic modeling.
In conclusion, our present perception of physical reality, which is
actually the acceptance that reality is not definable, has serious shortcomings.
Index
Einstein described a photon of light as a torpedo rather than a depth charge when giving his interpretation of the photoelectric effect. If the currently accepted analysis of the photoelectric effect is an accurate description of the mechanical ability of photons, then a clock can be constructed that will keep time in proportion to the distance between a light transmitter and a light receiver. The greater the distance between the transmitter and receiver the slower the clock will tick due to the time that it takes for "photons" to reach and pass the receiver.
High speed electronics enable a true test of the mechanical abilities of corpuscular light. Several "light clocks" were constructed and all have failed to provide data to support our current perception of the mechanical abilities of photons. Data collected from these devices indicates that the ability of light to do work (liberating electrons) when impacting a receiver depends on the flow of light, or power of the light source. Energy from the momentum of the photons alone is insufficient to do the work necessary to liberate electrons as predicted by current physical theory.
Photons of light do not have the mechanical abilities of a "torpedo" as indicated by Einstein. A more accurate mechanical description of photons would be that they are mechanically similar to "particles of water" ejected from a fire hose. The power of the pumping mechanism can be transmitted by a steady stream ejected from the hose. If the fluid is released in pulses, and the duration of the pulse is less than the time required for fluid to reach the target, only the energy from the momentum of the pulse of water is available to do work on the target. The rate of power delivered by the pulse of water on the target is less than the power rate of the pumping mechanism that initiated the pulse due to a deceleration of the fluid pulse which results from the collision with the target.
In order to liberate electrons photo mechanically, a threshold of power must be available to do work. If that threshold of required power is not met then electrons will not be liberated. In the light clocks that have been constructed, a light source is directed at a photo electrically sensitive target. When the light reaches the target (reversed biased LED) current flows through the photo diode and an electric signal is sent back to shut off the light source. If the currently accepted corpuscular theory of light is accurate, then the light source will remain off until the entire length of the light beam that was released is past the target. This will allow a frequency of light pulses to be established that is dependent upon the distance to the target and the speed of the electronics.
This distance dependent frequency has not been observed with any of
the devices that have been constructed. In all of these devices the
frequency of the light pulses is determined by the speed of the electronics.
The device that will be described here was the fastest apparatus that was
set up. It uses a laser diode as a light source and a light sensitive
LED as a receiver. Halogen and xenon lamps have also been used and
a variety of light sensitive receivers have been used. All of these
devices yielded the same results.
The integrated circuit chips used for switching and counting are 74HCT series CMOS capable of 50 Mhz operation. A 74HCT86 quad exclusive OR chip is used for switching and two 74HCT4020 14 stage ripple counters are used for counting with one 74HCT4020 feeding the other. The activation and counting sequences are controlled by the parallel port output from a 100Mhz pentium PC with 1Mhz bus speed.
The laser is powered low through 150ohm resistor at 5vdc from the PC power supply. The laser is powered high by the output pin3 of the 74HCT86 through a diode and 330ohm resistor that is parallel to the 150ohm resistor. Pin1 of the 74HCT86 is normally high through a 10kohm pull up resistor, this establishes the laser power high when a low signal from receiver diode is present at pin2.
When high power light impacts the receiver diode an increased current
flows through shielded cable and diodes to Pin2. High voltage at
Pin2 switches output Pin3 low and cuts off the power through the 330ohm
resistor, laser power is now low. Also, Pin10 of the first 74HCT4020
14 stage ripple counter is connected to output pin3 and a count occurs
every time Pin3 switches from high to low.
This device was operated at distances of 1-4meters. Variance of
light intensity are encountered at the receiver due to atmospheric losses,
and beam divergence of the laser. To compensate for these losses
of light intensity the value of R1 had to be tuned for each distance measured.
Tuning the signal from the receiver requires the laser to be held at high
output (connect 330ohm resistor to +5V). The beam was then focused
on the receiver diode and the voltage measured at Pin2. The resistance
of R1 was adjusted until the the voltage at Pin2 just starts to fall from
+5V and that value of resistor was used for that distance.
1
5.70E+05
1
41005504
2
1.00E+06
1
41791552
3
1.22E+06
1
42184576
4
3.30E+06
1
40219456
1
5.70E+05
4
35634176
2
1.00E+06
4
36027200
3
1.22E+06
4
36682240
4
3.30E+06
4
38647360
1
5.70E+05
12
31048896
2
1.00E+06
12
29214784
3
1.22E+06
12
31965952
4
3.30E+06
12
27380672
1
5.70E+05
22
27511680
2
1.00E+06
22
25415552
3
1.22E+06
22
28035712
4
3.30E+06
22
24498496
1
5.70E+05
33
24367488
2
1.00E+06
33
23188416
3
1.22E+06
33
24891520
4
3.30E+06
33
22926400
From the 4 meter distance, and a value of light velocity equal to 3E+8 m/sec, it takes light 1.33333E-08 seconds to reach the receiver from the source. If it would take zero time for the signal from the receiver to switch the laser to low power once the high power beam impacts the receiver, then the beam would be high power for 1.33333E-08 seconds, and the beam would be switched to low for 1.33333E-08 seconds, which is the time required for the high output beam to pass the reciever. This establishes a minimum cycle time of 2.66667E-08 sec, and a maximum frequency of 37.5Mhz using the present theory of light.
From the data taken at the 4 meter distance, this device was tuned to
a maximum frequency of 40.6Mhz. Also, it takes some time for the
signal to be received and switching to occur. The fact that a frequency
was obtained which is greater than the maximum allowed indicates that the
currently accepted corpuscular theory of light is inaccurate. Data from
this investigation supports a "wave" theory of light and
"mass" is present in the space that the photons of light are propagated.
1. Inertial Space Calculation
Table
2. Calculated Values of "g"
3. Nasa Data Table
4. Earth Data
5. Calculated Values of "g" Earth
Mass Corrected
6. Momentum Exchange Between
Sun and Planets
7. Momentum and Acceleration of
1kg Mass in Earth's Inertial Field
8. Proton Constant Velocity Table
9. Electron Constant Velocity
Table
10. Photon Table
Go To: Appendix Index
Gravitation Constant
Motion Conclusions
Column 'mass' is the inertial mass
value of the body. Column 'm/m^2' is the inertial mass per unit area. Column
's=' is the inertial velocity at the surface assuming mass fills space
at a density of c kg/m^3 (this value is obtained by dividing the mass/sec
by the density of the field). Column 'P/m^2' is the quantity of work done
per second for each unit area. Column 'F=P/s' is the force per unit area
applied on the inertial field. Column 'g' is the acceleration due to gravity
for the body = 1/4*Power / Force or 1/4 inertial field velocity. Column
'm^3' is the volume of inertial field generated / second for the body.
Column 'r field' is the actual distance that the field moves from the surface
of the body in one second of time. All units are mks.
Return to: Gravitation
Constant Motion Conclusions
| BODY | mass | mass radius | m/m^2 | s= | P/m^2 | F=P/s | Power | Force | g | m^3 | Vtotal | r total | r field | r field/r mass |
| SUN |
1.989E+30
|
6.95E+08
|
3.28E+11
|
1093.04
|
2.95E+28
|
2.69E+25
|
1.79E+47
|
1.64E+44
|
273.26
|
6.63E+21
|
1.41E+27
|
6.95E+08
|
1093.03
|
1.57E-06
|
| MERCURY |
3.303E+23
|
2.44E+06
|
4.42E+09
|
14.73
|
3.97E+26
|
2.69E+25
|
2.97E+40
|
2.02E+39
|
3.68
|
1.10E+15
|
6.08E+19
|
2.44E+06
|
14.73
|
6.04E-06
|
| VENUS |
4.869E+24
|
6.05E+06
|
1.06E+10
|
35.29
|
9.51E+26
|
2.69E+25
|
4.38E+41
|
1.24E+40
|
8.82
|
1.62E+16
|
9.28E+20
|
6.05E+06
|
35.29
|
5.83E-06
|
| EARTH |
6.002E+24
|
6.37E+06
|
1.18E+10
|
39.25
|
1.06E+27
|
2.69E+25
|
5.39E+41
|
1.37E+40
|
9.81
|
2.00E+16
|
1.08E+21
|
6.37E+06
|
39.25
|
6.16E-06
|
| MOON |
7.349E+22
|
1.74E+06
|
1.94E+09
|
6.46
|
1.74E+26
|
2.69E+25
|
6.60E+39
|
1.02E+39
|
1.62
|
2.45E+14
|
2.20E+19
|
1.74E+06
|
6.46
|
3.72E-06
|
| MARS |
6.421E+23
|
3.40E+06
|
4.43E+09
|
14.77
|
3.98E+26
|
2.69E+25
|
5.77E+40
|
3.91E+39
|
3.69
|
2.14E+15
|
1.64E+20
|
3.40E+06
|
14.77
|
4.35E-06
|
| JUPITER |
1.900E+27
|
7.15E+07
|
2.96E+10
|
98.68
|
2.66E+27
|
2.69E+25
|
1.71E+44
|
1.73E+42
|
24.67
|
6.34E+18
|
1.53E+24
|
7.15E+07
|
98.68
|
1.38E-06
|
| SATURN |
5.688E+26
|
6.03E+07
|
1.25E+10
|
41.57
|
1.12E+27
|
2.69E+25
|
5.11E+43
|
1.23E+42
|
10.39
|
1.90E+18
|
9.17E+23
|
6.03E+07
|
41.57
|
6.90E-07
|
| URANUS |
8.686E+25
|
2.56E+07
|
1.06E+10
|
35.29
|
9.51E+26
|
2.69E+25
|
7.81E+42
|
2.21E+41
|
8.82
|
2.90E+17
|
6.99E+22
|
2.56E+07
|
35.29
|
1.38E-06
|
| NEPTUNE |
1.024E+26
|
2.47E+07
|
1.33E+10
|
44.39
|
1.20E+27
|
2.69E+25
|
9.20E+42
|
2.07E+41
|
11.10
|
3.42E+17
|
6.35E+22
|
2.47E+07
|
44.39
|
1.79E-06
|
| PLUTO |
1.290E+22
|
1.16E+06
|
7.63E+08
|
2.54
|
6.86E+25
|
2.69E+25
|
1.16E+39
|
4.56E+38
|
0.64
|
4.30E+13
|
6.54E+18
|
1.16E+06
|
2.54
|
2.19E-06
|
| 1kg |
1.000E+00
|
5.00E-02
|
3.18E+01
|
1.06E-07
|
2.86E+18
|
2.69E+25
|
8.99E+16
|
8.46E+23
|
2.65E-08
|
3.34E-09
|
5.24E-04
|
5.00E-02
|
1.062E-07
|
2.12E-06
|
| proton |
1.673E-27
|
8.00E-16
|
2.08E+02
|
6.94E-07
|
1.87E+19
|
2.69E+25
|
1.50E-10
|
2.17E-04
|
1.73E-07
|
5.58E-36
|
5.58E-36
|
1.10E-12
|
1.099E-12
|
1.37E+03
|
| electron |
9.109E-31
|
2.82E-15
|
9.09E-03
|
3.03E-11
|
8.17E+14
|
2.69E+25
|
8.19E-14
|
2.70E-03
|
7.58E-12
|
3.04E-39
|
3.04E-39
|
8.99E-14
|
8.703E-14
|
3.08E+01
|
Go To: Appendix Index
Gravitation
Column 'equatorial g', are
values of equatorial surface gravity from NASA data.
Column 'mean g calc', are calculated
values of mean surface gravity using an inertial field constant, c.
Column 'Newtonian g calc',
are calculated values of mean surface gravity using a Newtonian gravitational
constant, G.
| units are MKS |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SUN |
1.9891E+30
|
6.95E+08
|
274
|
273.2728
|
274.7777
|
| MERCURY |
3.302E+23
|
2.44E+06
|
3.7
|
3.6805
|
3.7008
|
| VENUS |
4.869E+24
|
6.05E+06
|
8.87
|
8.8217
|
8.8703
|
| EARTH |
5.9736E+24
|
6.37E+06
|
9.78
|
9.7663
|
9.8201
|
| MOON |
7.349E+22
|
1.74E+06
|
1.62
|
1.6154
|
1.6243
|
| MARS |
6.419E+23
|
3.39E+06
|
3.69
|
3.7066
|
3.7270
|
| JUPITER |
1.8986E+27
|
6.99E+07
|
23.12
|
25.7782
|
25.9201
|
| SATURN |
5.6846E+26
|
5.82E+07
|
8.96
|
11.1246
|
11.1859
|
| URANUS |
8.683E+25
|
2.54E+07
|
8.69
|
8.9580
|
9.0074
|
| NEPTUNE |
1.0243E+26
|
2.46E+07
|
11
|
11.2104
|
11.2721
|
| PLUTO |
1.25E+22
|
1.14E+06
|
0.66
|
0.6417
|
0.6452
|
| Ganymede |
1.48E+23
|
2.63E+06
|
1.4188
|
1.4266
|
|
| Titan |
1.35E+23
|
2.58E+06
|
1.3511
|
1.3585
|
|
| Callisto |
1.08E+23
|
2.40E+06
|
1.2443
|
1.2511
|
|
| Io |
8.93E+22
|
1.82E+06
|
1.7989
|
1.8088
|
|
| Europa |
4.8E+22
|
1.57E+06
|
1.2939
|
1.3010
|
|
| Triton |
2.14E+22
|
1.35E+06
|
0.7758
|
0.7800
|
|
| Deimos |
2E+15
|
6.00E+03
|
0.0037
|
0.0037
|
|
| Leda |
5.68E+15
|
8.00E+03
|
0.0059
|
0.0059
|
|
| Adrastea |
1.91E+16
|
1.00E+04
|
0.0127
|
0.0127
|
|
| Phobos |
1.08E+16
|
1.10E+04
|
0.0059
|
0.0060
|
|
| Ananke |
3.82E+16
|
1.50E+04
|
0.0113
|
0.0113
|
|
| Sinope |
7.77E+16
|
1.80E+04
|
0.0159
|
0.0160
|
|
Go To: Appendix Index
Gravitation
Column 'equatorial g', are
values of equatorial surface gravity from NASA data.
Column 'mean g calc', are calculated
values of mean surface gravity using an inertial field constant, c.
Column 'Newtonian g calc',
are calculated values of mean surface gravity using a Newtonian gravitational
constant, G.
The mass value used for the
Earth is a sum total of the mass of the Earth's layers from
geophysical data.
| units are MKS |
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SUN |
1.9891E+30
|
6.95E+08
|
274
|
273.2728
|
274.7777
|
| MERCURY |
3.302E+23
|
2.44E+06
|
3.7
|
3.6805
|
3.7008
|
| VENUS |
4.869E+24
|
6.05E+06
|
8.87
|
8.8217
|
8.8703
|
| EARTH |
6.002E+24
|
6.37E+06
|
9.78
|
9.8130
|
9.8670
|
| MOON |
7.349E+22
|
1.74E+06
|
1.62
|
1.6154
|
1.6243
|
| MARS |
6.419E+23
|
3.39E+06
|
3.69
|
3.7066
|
3.7270
|
| JUPITER |
1.899E+27
|
6.99E+07
|
23.12
|
25.7782
|
25.9201
|
| SATURN |
5.685E+26
|
5.82E+07
|
8.96
|
11.1246
|
11.1859
|
| URANUS |
8.683E+25
|
2.54E+07
|
8.69
|
8.9580
|
9.0074
|
| NEPTUNE |
1.024E+26
|
2.46E+07
|
11
|
11.2104
|
11.2721
|
| PLUTO |
1.250E+22
|
1.14E+06
|
0.66
|
0.6417
|
0.6452
|
| Ganymede |
1.480E+23
|
2.63E+06
|
1.4188
|
1.4266
|
|
| Titan |
1.350E+23
|
2.58E+06
|
1.3511
|
1.3585
|
|
| Callisto |
1.080E+23
|
2.40E+06
|
1.2443
|
1.2511
|
|
| Io |
8.930E+22
|
1.82E+06
|
1.7989
|
1.8088
|
|
| Europa |
4.800E+22
|
1.57E+06
|
1.2939
|
1.3010
|
|
| Triton |
2.140E+22
|
1.35E+06
|
0.7758
|
0.7800
|
|
| Deimos |
2.000E+15
|
6.00E+03
|
0.0037
|
0.0037
|
|
| Leda |
5.680E+15
|
8.00E+03
|
0.0059
|
0.0059
|
|
| Adrastea |
1.910E+16
|
1.00E+04
|
0.0127
|
0.0127
|
|
| Phobos |
1.080E+16
|
1.10E+04
|
0.0059
|
0.0060
|
|
| Ananke |
3.820E+16
|
1.50E+04
|
0.0113
|
0.0113
|
|
| Sinope |
7.770E+16
|
1.80E+04
|
0.0159
|
0.0160
|
|
Go To: Appendix Index
Gravitation
Column 'mfdv', are calculated values
of the planets inertial field velocity at the surface. Column 'Sunfdv',
are calculated values of the Sun's inertial field velocity at the planets
SMA. Column 'px', are calculated values of planets inertial momentum
in the direction of the Sun. Column 'p-x', are values of planets inertial
momentum in the direction away from the Sun. Column 'netp', is the sum
of 'px' and 'p-x' which yields the net x value of planets inertial field.
Column 'g@sma' is 'netp' divided by the planet mass equals planet velocity
towards Sun after one second collision of inertial mass. All units are
mks.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| MERCURY |
3.303E+23
|
14.7300
|
0.15750
|
6.017E+23
|
6.147E+23
|
1.300E+22
|
0.03937
|
| VENUS |
4.869E+24
|
35.2900
|
0.04510
|
2.145E+25
|
2.151E+25
|
5.490E+22
|
0.01128
|
| EARTH |
6.002E+24
|
39.2600
|
0.02360
|
2.943E+25
|
2.947E+25
|
3.541E+22
|
0.00590
|
| MOON |
7.349E+22
|
6.4600
|
0.02360
|
5.915E+22
|
5.958E+22
|
4.335E+20
|
0.00590
|
| MARS |
6.421E+23
|
14.7700
|
0.01016
|
1.185E+24
|
1.186E+24
|
1.632E+21
|
0.00254
|
| JUPITER |
1.900E+27
|
98.6800
|
0.00087
|
2.344E+28
|
2.344E+28
|
4.140E+23
|
0.00022
|
| SATURN |
5.688E+26
|
41.5700
|
0.00026
|
2.955E+27
|
2.955E+27
|
3.689E+22
|
6.49E-05
|
| URANUS |
8.686E+25
|
35.2900
|
6.41E-05
|
3.832E+26
|
3.832E+26
|
1.391E+21
|
1.60E-05
|
| NEPTUNE |
1.024E+26
|
44.3900
|
2.61E-05
|
5.682E+26
|
5.682E+26
|
6.681E+20
|
6.52E-06
|
| PLUTO |
1.290E+22
|
2.5400
|
1.51E-05
|
4.103E+21
|
4.103E+21
|
4.882E+16
|
3.78E-06
|
Go To: Appendix Index
Gravitation
This table shows calculated values of momentum, resulting net momentum,
resulting net force, mass aceleration and velocity of mass after period
of fall in the earth's inertial field.
| time | Earth v rmass | mass fv | mass -x | Earth x | Earth v net | net p mass | net force | acceleration | mass v |
| 0 | 39.0464 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 91937290 | 39.0464 | 9.7616 | |||
| 1 | 48.8080 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 1.15E+08 | 48.8080 | 12.2020 | 2.4404 | 9.7616 | 9.7616 |
| 2 | 58.5698 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 1.38E+08 | 58.5698 | 14.6424 | 2.4404 | 9.7618 | 19.5234 |
| 3 | 68.3318 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 1.61E+08 | 68.3318 | 17.0830 | 2.4405 | 9.7620 | 29.2854 |
| 4 | 78.0943 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 1.84E+08 | 78.0943 | 19.5236 | 2.4406 | 9.7624 | 39.0478 |
| 5 | 87.8571 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 2.07E+08 | 87.8571 | 21.9643 | 2.4407 | 9.7629 | 48.8107 |
| 6 | 97.6205 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 2.3E+08 | 97.6205 | 24.4051 | 2.4408 | 9.7634 | 58.5741 |
| 7 | 107.3845 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 2.53E+08 | 107.3845 | 26.8461 | 2.4410 | 9.7640 | 68.3381 |
| 8 | 117.1493 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 2.76E+08 | 117.1493 | 29.2873 | 2.4412 | 9.7647 | 78.1028 |
| 9 | 126.9148 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 2.99E+08 | 126.9148 | 31.7287 | 2.4414 | 9.7655 | 87.8684 |
| 10 | 136.6812 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 3.22E+08 | 136.6812 | 34.1703 | 2.4416 | 9.7664 | 97.6348 |
| 11 | 146.4486 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 3.45E+08 | 146.4486 | 36.6122 | 2.4419 | 9.7674 | 107.4022 |
| 12 | 156.2171 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 3.68E+08 | 156.2171 | 39.0543 | 2.4421 | 9.7685 | 117.1707 |
| 13 | 165.9868 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 3.91E+08 | 165.9868 | 41.4967 | 2.4424 | 9.7697 | 126.9404 |
| 14 | 175.7577 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 4.14E+08 | 175.7577 | 43.9394 | 2.4427 | 9.7709 | 136.7113 |
| 15 | 185.5300 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 4.37E+08 | 185.5300 | 46.3825 | 2.4431 | 9.7723 | 146.4836 |
| 16 | 195.3037 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 4.6E+08 | 195.3037 | 48.8259 | 2.4434 | 9.7737 | 156.2573 |
| 17 | 205.0789 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 4.83E+08 | 205.0789 | 51.2697 | 2.4438 | 9.7752 | 166.0325 |
| 18 | 214.8557 | 1.06E-07 | 0.25 | 5.06E+08 | 214.8557 | 53.7139 | 2.4442 | 9.7768 | 175.8093 |
| BODY | mass | m radius | Power | c | h | period | mass v | wl | period | fr | fv | mv | disc A | space s/wl | sp m/wl | sp mv/wl | F=mv/t | FI | Fx | F-x | Fx net | Wx | (Fx/F-x)^1/2 | (1-v^2/c^2)^1/2 | %x | %-x | Wx | W-x | W-x - Wx | %W-x | Fsp net | a rel wl | W/wl*fr | KE mass | KE wave | KE total | %KE ^ | v rel wl | v= |
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
3.96E-07
|
1.00E+00
|
3.96E-07
|
3.96E-07
|
2.52E+06
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
1.39E-36
|
4.18E-28
|
4.18E-28
|
1.06E-21
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
2.11E-21
|
1.49E-17
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-17
|
1.49E-17
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-17
|
1.67E-27
|
1.00E+00
|
8.36E-28
|
8.36E-28
|
1.86E-44
|
8.36E-28
|
1.00
|
3.96E-07
|
1.00E+00
|
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
3.96E-09
|
1.00E+01
|
3.96E-08
|
3.96E-09
|
2.52E+08
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
1.39E-37
|
4.18E-29
|
4.18E-28
|
1.06E-19
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
2.11E-19
|
1.49E-19
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-19
|
1.49E-19
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-15
|
1.67E-26
|
1.00E+01
|
8.36E-26
|
8.36E-26
|
1.86E-40
|
8.36E-26
|
1.00
|
3.96E-08
|
1.00E+01
|
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
3.96E-11
|
1.00E+02
|
3.96E-09
|
3.96E-11
|
2.52E+10
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
1.39E-38
|
4.18E-30
|
4.18E-28
|
1.06E-17
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
2.11E-17
|
1.49E-21
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-21
|
1.49E-21
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-13
|
1.67E-25
|
1.00E+02
|
8.36E-24
|
8.36E-24
|
1.86E-36
|
8.36E-24
|
1.00
|
3.96E-09
|
1.00E+02
|
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
3.96E-13
|
1.00E+03
|
3.96E-10
|
3.96E-13
|
2.52E+12
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
1.39E-39
|
4.18E-31
|
4.18E-28
|
1.06E-15
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
2.11E-15
|
1.49E-23
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-23
|
1.49E-23
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-11
|
1.67E-24
|
1.00E+03
|
8.36E-22
|
8.36E-22
|
1.86E-32
|
8.36E-22
|
1.00
|
3.96E-10
|
1.00E+03
|
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
3.96E-15
|
1.00E+04
|
3.96E-11
|
3.96E-15
|
2.52E+14
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
1.39E-40
|
4.18E-32
|
4.18E-28
|
1.06E-13
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
2.11E-13
|
1.49E-25
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-25
|
1.49E-25
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-09
|
1.67E-23
|
1.00E+04
|
8.36E-20
|
8.36E-20
|
1.86E-28
|
8.36E-20
|
1.00
|
3.96E-11
|
1.00E+04
|
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
3.96E-17
|
1.00E+05
|
3.96E-12
|
3.96E-17
|
2.52E+16
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
1.39E-41
|
4.18E-33
|
4.18E-28
|
1.06E-11
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
2.11E-11
|
1.49E-27
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-27
|
1.49E-27
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-07
|
1.67E-22
|
1.00E+05
|
8.36E-18
|
8.36E-18
|
1.86E-24
|
8.36E-18
|
1.00
|
3.96E-12
|
1.00E+05
|
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
3.96E-19
|
1.00E+06
|
3.96E-13
|
3.96E-19
|
2.52E+18
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
1.39E-42
|
4.18E-34
|
4.18E-28
|
1.06E-09
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
2.11E-09
|
1.49E-29
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-29
|
1.49E-29
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-05
|
1.67E-21
|
1.00E+06
|
8.36E-16
|
8.36E-16
|
1.86E-20
|
8.36E-16
|
1.00
|
3.96E-13
|
1.00E+06
|
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
3.96E-21
|
1.00E+07
|
3.96E-14
|
3.96E-21
|
2.52E+20
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
1.39E-43
|
4.18E-35
|
4.18E-28
|
1.06E-07
|
9.49E-05
|
9.48E-05
|
9.50E-05
|
2.11E-07
|
1.49E-31
|
9.99E-01
|
9.99E-01
|
9.99E-01
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-31
|
1.49E-31
|
3.31E-34
|
2.22E-03
|
1.67E-20
|
1.00E+07
|
8.36E-14
|
8.36E-14
|
1.86E-16
|
8.38E-14
|
1.00
|
3.96E-14
|
1.00E+07
|
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
3.96E-23
|
1.00E+08
|
3.96E-15
|
3.96E-23
|
2.52E+22
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
1.39E-44
|
4.18E-36
|
4.18E-28
|
1.06E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
8.43E-05
|
1.05E-04
|
2.11E-05
|
1.49E-33
|
9.43E-01
|
9.43E-01
|
8.89E-01
|
1.11E+00
|
1.32E-33
|
1.65E-33
|
3.31E-34
|
2.00E-01
|
1.67E-19
|
1.00E+08
|
8.36E-12
|
8.36E-12
|
1.67E-12
|
1.00E-11
|
1.20
|
3.96E-15
|
1.00E+08
|
| proton |
1.67E-27
|
1.06E-15
|
1.50E-10
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
4.41E-24
|
3.00E+08
|
1.32E-15
|
4.41E-24
|
2.27E+23
|
3.96E-07
|
6.63E-34
|
3.52E-30
|
4.65E-45
|
1.39E-36
|
4.18E-28
|
9.49E-05
|
9.49E-05
|
6.33E-13
|
1.90E-04
|
1.90E-04
|
1.66E-34
|
8.17E-05
|
8.17E-05
|
6.67E-09
|
2.00E+00
|
1.10E-42
|
3.31E-34
|
3.31E-34
|
1.00E+00
|
5.01E-19
|
3.00E+08
|
7.52E-11
|
7.52E-11
|
7.52E-11
|
1.50E-10
|
2.00
|
1.32E-15
|
3.00E+08
|
| BODY | mass | mass radius | Power | c | h | time | mass v | wl | period | fr | fv | mv | disc A | space s/wl | sp m/wl | sp mv/wl | F=mv/t | FI | Fx | F-x | Fx net | Wx | (Fx/F-x)^1/2 | (1-v^2/c^2)^1/2 | %x | %-x | Wx | W-x | W-x - Wx | %W-x | Fsp net | a rel wl | W/wl*fr | KE mass | KE wave | KE total | %KE ^ | v rel wl | v= |
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
7.27E-04
|
1.00E+00
|
7.27E-04
|
7.27E-04
|
1.37E+03
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
7.60E-40
|
2.28E-31
|
2.28E-31
|
3.13E-28
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
6.26E-28
|
1.49E-17
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-17
|
1.49E-17
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-17
|
9.11E-31
|
1.00E+00
|
4.55E-31
|
4.55E-31
|
1.01E-47
|
4.55E-31
|
1.00E+00
|
7.27E-04
|
1.00E+00
|
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
7.27E-06
|
1.00E+01
|
7.27E-05
|
7.27E-06
|
1.37E+05
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
7.60E-41
|
2.28E-32
|
2.28E-31
|
3.13E-26
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
6.26E-26
|
1.49E-19
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-19
|
1.49E-19
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-15
|
9.11E-30
|
1.00E+01
|
4.55E-29
|
4.55E-29
|
1.01E-43
|
4.55E-29
|
1.00E+00
|
7.27E-05
|
1.00E+01
|
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
7.27E-08
|
1.00E+02
|
7.27E-06
|
7.27E-08
|
1.37E+07
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
7.60E-42
|
2.28E-33
|
2.28E-31
|
3.13E-24
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
6.26E-24
|
1.49E-21
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-21
|
1.49E-21
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-13
|
9.11E-29
|
1.00E+02
|
4.55E-27
|
4.55E-27
|
1.01E-39
|
4.55E-27
|
1.00E+00
|
7.27E-06
|
1.00E+02
|
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
7.27E-10
|
1.00E+03
|
7.27E-07
|
7.27E-10
|
1.37E+09
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
7.60E-43
|
2.28E-34
|
2.28E-31
|
3.13E-22
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
6.26E-22
|
1.49E-23
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-23
|
1.49E-23
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-11
|
9.11E-28
|
1.00E+03
|
4.55E-25
|
4.55E-25
|
1.01E-35
|
4.55E-25
|
1.00E+00
|
7.27E-07
|
1.00E+03
|
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
7.27E-12
|
1.00E+04
|
7.27E-08
|
7.27E-12
|
1.37E+11
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
7.60E-44
|
2.28E-35
|
2.28E-31
|
3.13E-20
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
6.26E-20
|
1.49E-25
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-25
|
1.49E-25
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-09
|
9.11E-27
|
1.00E+04
|
4.55E-23
|
4.55E-23
|
1.01E-31
|
4.55E-23
|
1.00E+00
|
7.27E-08
|
1.00E+04
|
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
7.27E-14
|
1.00E+05
|
7.27E-09
|
7.27E-14
|
1.37E+13
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
7.60E-45
|
2.28E-36
|
2.28E-31
|
3.13E-18
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
6.26E-18
|
1.49E-27
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-27
|
1.49E-27
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-07
|
9.11E-26
|
1.00E+05
|
4.55E-21
|
4.55E-21
|
1.01E-27
|
4.55E-21
|
1.00E+00
|
7.27E-09
|
1.00E+05
|
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
7.27E-16
|
1.00E+06
|
7.27E-10
|
7.27E-16
|
1.37E+15
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
7.60E-46
|
2.28E-37
|
2.28E-31
|
3.13E-16
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
6.26E-16
|
1.49E-29
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-29
|
1.49E-29
|
3.31E-34
|
2.23E-05
|
9.11E-25
|
1.00E+06
|
4.55E-19
|
4.55E-19
|
1.01E-23
|
4.55E-19
|
1.00E+00
|
7.27E-10
|
1.00E+06
|
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
7.27E-18
|
1.00E+07
|
7.27E-11
|
7.27E-18
|
1.37E+17
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
7.60E-47
|
2.28E-38
|
2.28E-31
|
3.13E-14
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
2.82E-11
|
6.26E-14
|
1.49E-31
|
9.99E-01
|
9.99E-01
|
9.99E-01
|
1.00E+00
|
1.49E-31
|
1.49E-31
|
3.31E-34
|
2.22E-03
|
9.11E-24
|
1.00E+07
|
4.55E-17
|
4.55E-17
|
1.01E-19
|
4.56E-17
|
1.00E+00
|
7.27E-11
|
1.00E+07
|
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
7.27E-20
|
1.00E+08
|
7.27E-12
|
7.27E-20
|
1.37E+19
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
7.60E-48
|
2.28E-39
|
2.28E-31
|
3.13E-12
|
2.81E-11
|
2.50E-11
|
3.13E-11
|
6.26E-12
|
1.49E-33
|
9.43E-01
|
9.43E-01
|
8.89E-01
|
1.11E+00
|
1.32E-33
|
1.65E-33
|
3.31E-34
|
2.00E-01
|
9.11E-23
|
1.00E+08
|
4.55E-15
|
4.55E-15
|
9.12E-16
|
5.47E-15
|
1.20E+00
|
7.27E-12
|
1.00E+08
|
| electron |
9.11E-31
|
5.77E-19
|
8.19E-14
|
3.00E+08
|
6.63E-34
|
8.09E-21
|
3.00E+08
|
2.43E-12
|
8.09E-21
|
1.24E+20
|
7.27E-04
|
6.63E-34
|
1.04E-36
|
2.53E-48
|
7.60E-40
|
2.28E-31
|
2.81E-11
|
2.81E-11
|
1.88E-19
|
5.63E-11
|
5.63E-11
|
1.66E-34
|
8.17E-05
|
8.17E-05
|
6.67E-09
|
2.00E+00
|
1.10E-42
|
3.31E-34
|
3.31E-34
|
1.00E+00
|
2.73E-22
|
3.00E+08
|
4.09E-14
|
4.09E-14
|
4.09E-14
|
8.19E-14
|
2.00E+00
|
2.43E-12
|
3.00E+08
|
Go To: Appendix Index Photons
This table shows calculated values of inertial displacement factors
for a photon with 1 meter wavelength, 3 Balmer series photons, an electron
annihilation photon and a typical x-ray.
Column wl=wavelength / f=frequency / p=period / E=total inertial KE/wl / P=inertial power / F=directional force of inertia / m/wl=total mass disturbed/wl / I s/wl=Volume of inertial space displaced from positive electric function(=1/3mass/c) / radius=radius of "quantum spherical" displacement / Area=surface area of "quantum spherical" inertial field / FI/wl=total force of inertial disp/wl (area*c^3) / W/wl=total inertial work/wl / P=W/p=rate of inertial power / W/m=value of directional work/meter / h=W/wl*p=Planck's constant,h,that defines mechanical ability of directional displacement of inertial mass / F=P/s=directional force value resulting from inertial displacement / F/m=a/wl=acceleration value of photon mass displacement / v=a*p=net velocity/quantum acceleration.
These calculations establish that any directional inertial mass (space) displacement is resisted by inertial space. The greater the force of directional displacement, the greater the force of resistance. This yields a directional work function of, h, Plank's constant, which defines the mechanical resistivity of inertial space, and a maximum directional velocity of c.
| photon | wl | f | p | E | P | F | m/wl | I s/wl | radius | area | FI/wl | W/wl=FI*r | P=W/p | W/m | h=w/wl*p | F=P/c | F/m=a/wl | v=a*p |
| 1m wl |
1.00E+00
|
3.00E+08
|
3.34E-09
|
1.99E-25
|
5.95E-17
|
1.99E-25
|
2.21E-42
|
2.46E-51
|
8.37E-18
|
8.81E-34
|
2.37E-08
|
1.99E-25
|
5.95E-17
|
1.99E-25
|
6.63E-34
|
1.99E-25
|
8.99E+16
|
3.00E+08
|
| balmer |
4.86E-07
|
6.17E+14
|
1.62E-15
|
4.09E-19
|
2.52E-04
|
8.40E-13
|
4.55E-36
|
5.05E-45
|
1.06E-15
|
1.42E-29
|
3.84E-04
|
4.09E-19
|
2.52E-04
|
1.99E-25
|
6.63E-34
|
8.40E-13
|
1.85E+23
|
3.00E+08
|
| balmer |
4.34E-07
|
6.91E+14
|
1.45E-15
|
4.58E-19
|
3.16E-04
|
1.05E-12
|
5.09E-36
|
5.66E-45
|
1.11E-15
|
1.54E-29
|
4.14E-04
|
4.58E-19
|
3.16E-04
|
1.99E-25
|
6.63E-34
|
1.05E-12
|
2.07E+23
|
3.00E+08
|
| balmer |
4.11E-07
|
7.30E+14
|
1.37E-15
|
4.84E-19
|
3.53E-04
|
1.18E-12
|
5.38E-36
|
5.98E-45
|
1.13E-15
|
1.59E-29
|
4.29E-04
|
4.84E-19
|
3.53E-04
|
1.99E-25
|
6.63E-34
|
1.18E-12
|
2.19E+23
|
3.00E+08
|
| e+ - |
2.43E-12
|
1.24E+20
|
8.09E-21
|
8.19E-14
|
1.01E+07
|
3.37E-02
|
9.11E-31
|
1.01E-39
|
6.23E-14
|
4.88E-26
|
1.31E+00
|
8.19E-14
|
1.01E+07
|
1.99E-25
|
6.63E-34
|
3.37E-02
|
3.70E+28
|
3.00E+08
|
| x ray |
2.48E-11
|
1.21E+19
|
8.27E-20
|
8.01E-15
|
9.68E+04
|
3.23E-04
|
8.91E-32
|
9.91E-41
|
2.87E-14
|
1.04E-26
|
2.79E-01
|
8.01E-15
|
9.68E+04
|
1.99E-25
|
6.63E-34
|
3.23E-04
|
3.62E+27
|
3.00E+08
|