The Game
of Chemistry The
Game of Chemistry
To buy this game, go to
To read a free science fiction book with lots of chemistry analogies, go to
A Short History of a Long Future
A review of the novel would be appreciated. For additional information please contact:
andrewvecsey@hotmail.com
Based on shapes of atoms as derived from
A
Mechanistic Model of our Universe
This Game of Chemistry uses
shape of atoms to account for their reactions. For example Oxygen has
a wedge/axe shape that accounts for its reaction in making/breaking
bonds of other atoms. Unique shape of each of the atoms are used as
an educational aid that allows imagining how atoms bond and react.
The images aid in the understanding of chemical reactions and
formation of compounds. Interesting facts and questions and answers
are used to make this game not only educational but also
entertaining.
This
game can be played alone or with up to 4 people.
Score Card
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Carbo-hydrates |
Hydro-carbons |
Fats |
Proteins |
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Diamond |
Rubber |
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Shells |
Crystals |
Gold |
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Soot |
Fuel Gases |
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Acids |
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Aluminium |
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life |
sun water |
water air |
air air |
air earth |
earth |
earth |
earth |
GAME RULES
Start at hydrogen and move across the periodic table by throwing 1 dice (1-6). On each move you get a QUESTION CARD and a FACT CARD.
If you answer the question correctly, then you receive 1 atom of your choice to fill your score card, and one CHOX BLOX to make your diamond crystal. You need 10 CHOX BLOX to make a 8 sided diamond crystal (octohedron).
If you answer wrong, you stay where you are and wait your next turn.
while you wait, you can learn from the QUESTION CARDS and FACT CARDS of the other players, and you can start to build your diamond.
Refer to the information on the score card, and on the introduction to the atoms and to the “facts” to help answer future questions.
The object is to fill the score card with "atoms"
received for correctly answers, and to build a diamond crystal using
CHOX BLOX.
GAME MATERIAL for 4 players:
GAME BOARD with 4 pieces and a dice. (Periodic Table with each square an element with it's symbol, it's name, a picture, and a description.)
SCORE CARD for each player. (Compounds are ordered from the ground up (simple to the complex) and provide a visual aid in how they all inter react with each other.
57 Cards QUESTIONS & FACTS CARDS. You hear interesting facts, and hear others try to answer interesting questions that promote discussion, and try to be entertaining, and self deducing to the correct answer.
ANSWER SHEET for the answers.
"Atom" jettons received for correct answers and used to fill Score card.
10 CHOX BLOX for each player for making the diamond.
“The Structure of Atoms“ . This is a paper that tries to explain the mechanisms behind physical laws like gravity and radiation by giving a physical shape to atoms. CHOX BLOX represent the Carbon atom.
SCORE CARD represents compounds made up of
atoms.
Each payer has a score card. This score card has 32
squares in 4 layers and 8 columns. The 1st layer on the bottom is
made up of atoms used to build up the 2nd layer. In turn the 2nd
layer builds up the 3rd layer which builds up the 4th layer on top.
The columns are ordered in the following way.
The 1st column represents carbon and the different forms it displays as it climbs up the layers of complexity, by increasing its length. Carbon's shape allows it to form linear chains, branches and hexagonal loops. Soot, graphite and diamond.
The 2nd column adds hydrogen and builds on the 1st column. It displays all the corresponding hydrocarbon compounds produced when carbon is dressed up in hydrogen. Gas, gasoline, diesel, oil, tar, asphalt, plastic. All are insoluble in water.
The 3rd column adds oxygen and builds on the 2nd column. Oxidization is accomplished by adding the oxygen in the form of H2O, water. Carbohydrates based on the alcohol building block (COH) are watered or hydrated hydrocarbons. With the same alcohol head (COH) on different hydrocarbon chains, different alcohols are produced. By binding water to gasoline / tar / asphalt, we get alcohol / sugar / starches / cellulose. All are water soluble. This binding requires living plants that use sunlight as fuel to recombine CO2 and H2O to make carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the basic structure of plants and the only fuel of animals.
The 4th column display all the corresponding Fat compounds produced when more oxygen is added. Vegetable oil, fat and wax compounds are produced when carbohydrates are dressed up in oxygen. With the added oxygen to COH alcohol, COOH acids are produced. The ionic reaction of acids are caused whenever the H atom held tightly by the 2 oxygen atoms gets torn apart into reactive charged ions. (COO- and H+). With the same acid head (COOH) on different hydrocarbon chains, different acids are produced. Acids with hydrocarbon chains, called fatty acids clump together forming the lipid compounds oil, fat and wax. All are insoluble in water.
The 5th column adds nitrogen to the picture. The NCOOH head forms nucleic and amino acids which are the basic structure of living organisms. With the same acid head (COOH) on different chains, different nucleic and amino acids are produced Nitrogen’s shape allows it to form similar chains to those of carbohydrates, but with a twist to them. This gives materials such as the DNA double helix made from nucleic acids, and muscle and protein made from amino acids. The twisting in DNA allows the chains containing the codes of life to be twisted up to the minimum size and the chain rolled up to something like a recording tape. It also allows it to be untwisted and copied as a template. The twisting in muscle allows contraction and expansion like in a coiled spring.
The 6th and 7th columns add Cl and Na that provide the glue for it all in their ability to ionize. Their shapes make ideal ionic bonds with the metals forming salts.
The 8th column represents all the rest of the metals needed to provide the washers and fillers needed. In this column, silicon the cousin of carbon plays a similar role to the structure of earth that carbon plays to the structure of living organisms.
THE ATOMS
Cut them out and use them
as jetton to fill your score card and see how far you get and how
many compounds you can build.
GAME
BOARD
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LARGE GAME BOARD
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active. |
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Se 34. Selenium is photic. |
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I 53. Iodine in alcohol is used as a disinfectant. |
Br 35. Bromine is liquid at room environment. |
Cl 17. Chlorine is a toxic gas used in manufacture. |
F 9. Fluorine is a toxic gas used in toothpaste. |
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He 2. Helium is a light inert gas.
QUESTION & FACT CARDS
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Facts |
Facts |
Facts |
Facts |
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Neon is an inert gas used in neon lights. |
Argon, inert gas used in light bulbs. |
Potassium is used as fertilizer - usually as the chloride, sulfate, nitrate, or carbonate and in fireworks. |
Calcium It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells, limestone, cement, gypsum, stalagmites and stalactites. |
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Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form alloys. Used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Used to give glass an emerald green color. It is responsible for the green color of emeralds and the red color of rubies |
Copper is poor mans silver. It is used for electric wire, coinage metal. |
Zinc alloys with Cu to form brass and used for protection in galvanizing, and batteries. |
Gallium is used for doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide converts electricity into coherent light. |
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Germanium doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements for use as a transistor element. Its application as a semiconductor provides the largest use. |
Arsenic is a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light |
Bromine is one of the few elements that are liquid at room environment. Used as fumigants, flame proofing agents, water purification compounds, used in dyes, medicines, photography, pesticides, water purification. Used to make plastics flame retarding. |
Krypton is an inert gas that is used to weaken superman. and for high intensity light nulbs. |
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Rubidium is easily ionized, and so has possible use in "ion engines" for space vehicles. It is very reactive. |
Strontium used to color fireworks. |
Ruthenium. Corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundred times by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. |
Palladium is alloyed for use in jewelry. White gold is an alloy of gold discolored by the addition of palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250000 inch. Used in dentistry (crowns) and in fine instruments such as watches and some surgical instruments. |
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Silver is poor mans gold. Best conductor of electricity. |
Cadmium is used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. |
Indium used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, and photo conductors. Used in photocells and solders. |
Tin is a silvery white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a "tin cry" is heard when a bar is bent. It is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Tin cans are made from tin coated steel. |
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Antimony's shape accounts for its diamagnetic properties (like its cousin Bismuth). It rotates and aligns itself against an external magnetic field like a windsock. |
Tellurium is used in semiconductors, alloying with cast iron copper and stainless steel, addition to lead to prevent corrosion, ceramics, and tinting glass. |
Iodine in alcohol is used as a disinfectant for external wounds. It is a nutrient added to table salt needed by the thyroid gland. |
Xenon is an inert gas used in making electron tubes, stroboscopic lamps, bactericidal lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers for generating coherent light. |
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Cesium used in atomic clocks. |
Barium is used in paint and in X-ray diagnostic work (BaSO4). |
Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for electrical contact points. |
Platinum is the rich mans gold used in jewelry, wire and vessels for laboratory use, thermocouple elements, electrical contacts, corrosion resistant apparatus, and in dentistry. |
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Gold is one of the few metals found free in nature. It is use in coinage metal, standard for monetary systems in many countries, jewelry, decoration, dentistry, and plating. It is very inert. |
Mercury is liquid at normal conditions. Used in thermometers, electrical switches and amalgams to fill cavities. Highly toxic. |
Thallium. The sulfate was widely used as a rodenticide and ant killer. It is odorless and tasteless, giving no warning of its presence. The electrical conductivity of thallium sulfide changes with exposure to infrared light, and so it is used in photocells and infrared detectors. |
Lead is used in paints, solder, glass, insecticides, storage batteries, cable covering, plumbing, ammunition, very effective as a sound absorber, a radiation shield around X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors and is used to contain corrosive liquids. |
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Bismuth the metal is used as a thermocouple material (has highest negativity known) carrier for uranium fuel in nuclear reactors, fire detection, extinguishing systems, cosmetics and medicine. Like its cousin antimony, it is diamagnetic and opposes a magnetic field. |
Polonium is mainly used to provide a source of neutrons. |
Astatine is needed for life but there are no known commercial uses for it. |
Radon an inert gas is used in radiation therapy. It is the heaviest known gas. |
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Francium is extremely rare. At most there is only 20-30 g of the element present in the earth's crust at any one time. |
All isotopes of radium are radioactive. Radium is extremely scarce but found in uranium ores such as pitchblende at slightly more than 1g in 10 tones of ore. Used in self luminous paints, neutron sources, medical treatment for cancer. |
Uranium is the heaviest atom made by nature. It has a very unstable isotope that easily fission releasing nuclear energy. |
Diamagnetism is a proerty of materials where magnetic fields are repelled. All supercondicting materials are highly diamagnetic. |
QUESTION & FACT CARDS
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Facts |
Facts |
Facts |
Facts |
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Neon is an inert gas used in neon lights. |
Argon, inert gas used in light bulbs. |
Potassium is used as fertilizer - usually as the chloride, sulfate, nitrate, or carbonate and in fireworks. |
Calcium It is an essential constituent of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells, limestone, cement, gypsum, stalagmites and stalactites. |
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Chromium is used to harden steel, to manufacture stainless steel, and to form alloys. Used in plating to produce a hard, beautiful surface and to prevent corrosion. Used to give glass an emerald green color. It is responsible for the green color of emeralds and the red color of rubies |
Copper is poor mans silver. It is used for electric wire, coinage metal. |
Zinc alloys with Cu to form brass and used for protection in galvanizing, and batteries. |
Gallium is used for doping semiconductors and producing solid-state devices such as transistors. Gallium arsenide converts electricity into coherent light. |
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Germanium doped with arsenic, gallium, or other elements for use as a transistor element. Its application as a semiconductor provides the largest use. |
Arsenic is a doping agent in solid-state devices such as transistors. Arsenide is used as a laser material to convert electricity directly into coherent light |
Bromine is one of the few elements that are liquid at room environment. Used as fumigants, flame proofing agents, water purification compounds, used in dyes, medicines, photography, pesticides, water purification. Used to make plastics flame retarding. |
Krypton is an inert gas that is used to weaken superman. and for high intensity light nulbs. |
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Rubidium is easily ionized, and so has possible use in "ion engines" for space vehicles. It is very reactive. |
Strontium used to color fireworks. |
Ruthenium. Corrosion resistance of titanium is improved a hundred times by addition of 0.1% ruthenium. |
Palladium is alloyed for use in jewelry. White gold is an alloy of gold discolored by the addition of palladium can be beaten into leaf as thin as 1/250000 inch. Used in dentistry (crowns) and in fine instruments such as watches and some surgical instruments. |
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Silver is poor mans gold. Best conductor of electricity. |
Cadmium is used in black and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes. |
Indium used in making bearing alloys, germanium transistors, rectifiers, thermistors, and photo conductors. Used in photocells and solders. |
Tin is a silvery white metal, is malleable, somewhat ductile, and has a highly crystalline structure. Due to the breaking of these crystals, a "tin cry" is heard when a bar is bent. It is used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion or other chemical action. Tin cans are made from tin coated steel. |
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Antimony's shape accounts for its diamagnetic properties (like its cousin Bismuth). It rotates and aligns itself against an external magnetic field like a windsock. |
Tellurium is used in semiconductors, alloying with cast iron copper and stainless steel, addition to lead to prevent corrosion, ceramics, and tinting glass. |
Iodine in alcohol is used as a disinfectant for external wounds. It is a nutrient added to table salt needed by the thyroid gland. |
Xenon is an inert gas used in making electron tubes, stroboscopic lamps, bactericidal lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers for generating coherent light. |
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Cesium used in atomic clocks. |
Barium is used in paint and in X-ray diagnostic work (BaSO4). |
Tungsten and its alloys are used extensively for filaments for electric lamps, electron and television tubes, and for electrical contact points. |
Platinum is the rich mans gold used in jewelry, wire and vessels for laboratory use, thermocouple elements, electrical contacts, corrosion resistant apparatus, and in dentistry. |
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Gold is one of the few metals found free in nature. It is use in coinage metal, standard for monetary systems in many countries, jewelry, decoration, dentistry, and plating. It is very inert. |
Mercury is liquid at normal conditions. Used in thermometers, electrical switches and amalgams to fill cavities. Highly toxic. |
Thallium. The sulfate was widely used as a rodenticide and ant killer. It is odorless and tasteless, giving no warning of its presence. The electrical conductivity of thallium sulfide changes with exposure to infrared light, and so it is used in photocells and infrared detectors. |
Lead is used in paints, solder, glass, insecticides, storage batteries, cable covering, plumbing, ammunition, very effective as a sound absorber, a radiation shield around X-ray equipment and nuclear reactors and is used to contain corrosive liquids. |
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Bismuth the metal is used as a thermocouple material (has highest negativity known) carrier for uranium fuel in nuclear reactors, fire detection, extinguishing systems, cosmetics and medicine. Like its cousin antimony, it is diamagnetic and opposes a magnetic field. |
Polonium is mainly used to provide a source of neutrons. |
Astatine is needed for life but there are no known commercial uses for it. |
Radon an inert gas is used in radiation therapy. It is the heaviest known gas. |
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Francium is extremely rare. At most there is only 20-30 g of the element present in the earth's crust at any one time. |
All isotopes of radium are radioactive. Radium is extremely scarce but found in uranium ores such as pitchblende at slightly more than 1g in 10 tones of ore. Used in self luminous paints, neutron sources, medical treatment for cancer. |
Uranium is the heaviest atom made by nature. It has a very unstable isotope that easily fission releasing nuclear energy. |
Diamagnetism is a proerty of materials where magnetic fields are repelled. All supercondicting materials are highly diamagnetic. |
Questions and answers
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Question |
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Facts |
Facts |
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General |
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Which is Water?
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The universe is mostly made up of........ a) H-He b He-S-He b) S-H-I-T |
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The ground earth is mostly made of ....... a)O-Si b) Fe-O-Si-Mg c) protein |
What is the composition of air? |
Calcium forms 3% of crust of earth. |
Ca is needed for building stable structures for animals, land masses and society, shells, and bones, cliffs, and building materials |
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Which is Urea?
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The planet Earth is mostly made of.......... a) earth b) water c)Fe-O-Si-Mg |
Oxygen is needed for combustion/ respiration. |
Selenium is light sensitive, and trace amounts of it are needed for life. |
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Protein are mostly made of a) N-O b) I-U-He c) C |
Which burns hotter? |
Gallium Arsenide GaAs is used in solar cells to convert sunlight into electricity. |
Oxygen is shaped like an ax. It has a sharp edge for breaking up other molecules and it has a wedge shape for forming chains. |
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Which burns hotter? a) sawdust b) logs c) sticks |
Which has more density? a) water b) alcohol c) gasoline |
Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas that combines with H to form Hydrochloric acid. HCl is essential in the manufacture of textiles, glucose, soap, glue, dyes. |
Oxygen holds H sufficiently tight in the COOH acid so that the protruding proton of the H atom gets dislodged accounting for the properties displayed by acids. |
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Which will boil last? |
Which is the hardest material known? |
Hydrocarbons are a chain of (CH)s. As the chain gets longer, compounds form starting with the short gas, gasoline, and longer fuel oil, lubricating oil, and even longer wax, to endless chains of rubber, and plastics. |
Organic acids (XCOOH) are compounds that readily lose a proton from the H atom. They react with metal atoms of alkaline metal compounds (bases) to form soaps and alcohol.. |
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What stays solid in the hottest temperature? |
What substance has the highest boiling point? |
Inorganic acids (XH) are compounds that readily lose a proton from the H atom. They react with alkaline metal compounds (bases) to form salts and water. |
Carbohydrates are a chain of (C6*5H2O)s. Shorter ones are called Sugars. Longer stands - Starches, and even longer strands- Cellulose. |
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What metal has the lowest melting point? a) Hg b) Mu c) Pb |
Organic molecules can contain C chains from a
few, to an endless number like in starch or rubber. Which burns
hotter |
Hydrogen's shape allows it to bind with many
different atoms and to ionize. |
Hydrogen bond is possible because of slight charge of atom due to its asymmetry. It is the only atom with its proton protruding. This gives H compounds a slight + charge. |
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What has the lowest boiling point?. |
What has the lowest melting point?. |
The slight charge of Hydrogen gives water its interesting "sticking" properties that allows liquid water to be self contained (contained without a container) as in a water droplets. |
Hydrogenation: In the presence of a catalyst and under pressure, H will combine with vegetable oils to form solid fats. This is known as hydrogenation. |
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Family H |
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What are compound of H with Carbon called? a) Hydrocarbons |
Which is a Hydrocarbon? a) Methane, propane, butane,.benzene, rubber, b) Alcohol, sugar, bread, wax, c) acids, |
Hydrogen makes up nearly 75% of the universe in the shape of burning stars. H is the 2nd most abundant atom on earth forming 1%of crust of earth and 11% of water, and 63% of man mostly in the form of water. |
H is the father of the alkali metals which interact in similar ways. |
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What is some compounds of H? |
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Compounds of H: With Halogens to form organic acids such as Hydrochloric acid HCl.. With Carbon to form Hydrocarbons With Oxygen to form water. |
Compounds: of H: With Hydrocarbons to form carbohydrates like alcohols xCOH, and sugars (chains of alcohol). With Carbohydrates to form acids (xCOOH). |
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Family of Metals |
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Why is gold so valuable ? a) chemical stability |
What are the constituents of clay |
Beryllium (Be) is called Emerald when contaminated with Chromium Aquamarine when contaminated with Iron. |
Phosphorous is necessary for the regulation of energy to fuel life. |
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Why does Carbon harden steel? |
Which metals are magnetic? |
Mg 13% of the earth allows photosynthesis, the
storing of energy from light |
Ceramics are made from clay. Porcelain is made from Quartz, kaolin, marble and feldspar. |
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Which metals are
magnetic? b) cobalt c) nickel d) all of the above |
Which is the metal most freely found in
nature? |
Aluminum forms 7% of earth crust (by far the most abundant metal on earth) Clay is atoms of O Si and Al in thin flat layers with water separating the layers. : |
Compounds of Al: Silicate rocks, mica, feldspar disintegrate to clay and ultimately to aluminum oxide. It is light strong malleable and ductile making it appropriate for aircraft frames, foils, and wires. |
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Which are the unique properties of Antimony and
Bismuth? |
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Fluorine's shape allows it to form (-) ions by holding an electron from the outer end leaving the inner end sticking out ready to bond with a positive ion (atom that has lost an electron leaving a proton behind).
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Most hormones are proteins. Others are steroids, which are fatty substances derived from cholesterol. Hormones stimulate and regulate and act like managers for chemical processes in cells. Enzymes are proteins that act like tools that maintain the chemical processes in cells. Some enzymes have a non protein part called a co enzyme like a vitamin. |
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Soaps |
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Detergents are developed from a) petroleum b) chemicals c) soaps |
Soaps are made from a) fats b) petroleum |
Vitamins: Body cells absorb food for growth and repaired. They need the help of catalysts, called vitamins which they are unable to produce. |
Selenium exhibits both photo voltaic action, where light is converted directly into electricity, and photo conductive action, where the electrical resistance decreases with increased illumination. |
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The Ca++ and Mg++ ions in water form soluble salts with a) detergents b) soaps |
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Sodium’s unpaired electron is very loosely held and is easily dislodged forming (+) ions. Soap is sodium salt of fatty acids. The most common compound is sodium chloride, (table salt) vital for nutrition. |
Urea, a colorless, crystalline compound, CO(NH2)2; produced in nature chiefly by oxidation of proteins inside animal organisms; found in nearly all body fluids, but mostly in urine. It is used in fertilizers to help plants and creams to help skin regenerate. |
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Why is alkali removed from fine soaps but added
to laundry soaps? |
In shaving soaps KOH is used instead of NaOH.
Why? |
Bone protects and supports the body and its organs, it serves as a storehouse for various minerals, and it is where most blood cells are made. Bone is composed of about 50 percent water and 50 percent minerals (mostly calcium and magnesium) and fibrous material (protein). |
Fluorine's shape allows it to form acids by holding H from the outer end leaving the inner proton sticking out ready to be lost. |
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Family of N |
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Which is a nucleic acid polymer? |
Which is laughing gas? a) O |
Nitrogen is the 4th most available element in the universe and makes up 78% of air and1.5% of man. It is used in protein formation as the main building block of life |
Compounds of N are Ammonia NH3, Nitric acid HNO3, NitrousoxideN2O (laughing gas), Hydrogen cyanide, HCN a poisonous gas found in peach kernels. |
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Family O |
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What are compounds of O with Hydrocarbons called a) carbohydrates. b) explosives c) CHO compounds
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What are Carbohydrates? a) alcohols, sugars, starches, cellulose. b) acids c) gasoline |
Carbon dioxide CO2 has some unusual properties. At room temperature, it is a colorless heavy gas. If this gas is cooled to -80C, it condenses directly into a solid called dry ice. When dry ice CO2 melts it goes directly into its gas state. |
YCO2 uses are : refrigerant, smoke effect and carbonated beverages. In its normal gas state, it is used by plants to form carbohydrates. |
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What are compounds of O with Carbohydrates called? a) acids b) carbohydrates c) bombs |
What are Acids chained to Alcohols called? a) fats and oils b) heavy drugs c) sugars |
Carbon monoxide CO is generally formed whenever carbon is burned in a limited amount of oxygen. It is extremely toxic. (2C+ O2 -> 2CO). |
Alcohols are hydrocarbons that have been oxidized (hydrated). Chains of alcohols are called sugars.
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When sugars are oxidized they break up into alcohol. Bacteria oxidize (break up) sugars and turn them into alcohol. |
Acids are oxidized alcohols. (sugar à wine à acid). Fats are groupings of fatty acids. Proteins are chains of amino acids. |
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Which are Hydrocarbons bonded with water below? a) alcohols. sugars
and starches. c) puddles with rainbows on them |
c) condoms made for elephants. |
Hydrocarbons are highly combustible when vigorously oxidized to form CO2 and H2O. However if the oxidation is carried out gently, a number of stable intermediate compounds are formed. Mild oxidation of a molecule involves insertion of O into the molecule (hydration when it is accompanied by 2H atoms) or removal by O of 2H atoms from the molecule. |
Iron's shape accounts for its ferromagnetic properties (like Co 27 and Ni 28). It rotates and aligns itself with an external magnetic field like a windsock, and keeps its aligned position. Iron has the most stable nucleus. |
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OXYDATION |
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Oxidation is? |
Slow oxidation of hydrocarbons form a) alcohols b) acids c) pollution |
Atoms below Fe release energy when fused. Atoms above Fe release energy when split. It can be regarded as the ash of the sun. |
S is used in making matches, gunpowder, insecticides, drugs, vulcanizing for rubber to strengthen it. |
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Slow oxidation of alcohols form a) acids b) vinegar c) water |
Eventually every hydrocarbon oxidized finally a) to its raw constituents of the plants made them b) CO2 and H2O. c) all of the above
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Sulfuric acid used for dyes, synthetic flavors, drugs, explosives. |
Compounds of S are:Hydrogen Sulfide H2S, colorless extremely poisonous gas with rotten egg smell, and Sulfur dioxide SO2 used in bleaching and food preservation and in making Sulfuric acid. |
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Starch is oxidized to form a) sugars b) alcohols c) acids |
Sugars are oxidized to form a) alcohols b) acids c) calories |
Magnesium compounds such as milk of magnesia, Epsom salts, are used in medicine. |
Aluminum binds with silicon and water to form clay. |
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Alcohols oxidize to form a) acids b) vinegar c) all of the above |
What is some mild oxidation products of
Hydrocarbons? |
Silicon a cousin of carbon. While carbon makes up the fabric of living organisms, silicon makes up the fabric of the environment. It makes polymers resembling the polymers of carbon. Compare sand/glass and coal/diamond. Compare sand/glass and sugar/wood. |
Phosphorous, a cousin of nitrogen combines with calcium to form bones. It is an essential component of living systems and is found in nervous tissue, and cell protoplasm. |
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Acids & Bases |
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Which is an acid? |
Which is a base? |
Sodium is an essential component of the nervous system allowing the electro magnetic forces to be used there. |
Compounds of Na are Sodium nitrate (Chile salt pepper) NaNO3 used in meat preserving, explosives, and fertilizers. |
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When OH is dislodged from a compound and it takes an electron with it (OH-) that causes the compounds to be a) basic. b) acidic c) alcoholic |
Hydrogen losing its extending proton causes compounds to be a) acids b) bases c) alcohols |
Na compounds are salt NaCl, Caustic soda NaOH, Sodium bicarbonate (backing soda) NaHCO3, |
Silicones are polymer chain of SiOSiOSiO... By adjusting the size of the chain, fluids, resins, and rubbers are formed. They are far more resistant to oxidation than organic polymers because Si-O bond is stronger than C-C bond. |
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Solid acids like Citric acid contained in lemons, are formed by the action of molds on a) sugars and molasses. b) meat c) both of the above |
Oxalic acid is a reducing agent and is used to a) bleach wood b) remove rust stains in clothing. c) both of the above |
Silicates dissolved in dilute acid solutions form
a stiff jelly. When this jelly is dehydrated, silica gel, a
porous variety of silica is obtained. |
Granite is solidified molten Si crystals that are hardened by the pressures of the earth. They break down into rock. Rock breaks down into sand that is 0.02->2mm in diameter. |
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Inorganic acids are electrolytes (solutions
conduct electricity) and form salts with bases. Do organic acids
behave like inorganic acids? |
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Most chlorine, a toxic gas is used in the manufacture of cleaning, bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing |
Silicones: The chain is easily twisted and rotates preventing close contact. This causes lower freezing point useful for motor oils. |
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Alcohols |
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Glycerin also called glycerol is a a) sweet syrupy liquid b) an alcohol byproduct of soap production. c) both of the above |
Glycerol is used as a) antifreeze, b) moistening agent in tobacco and cosmetics c) both of the above |
Silicon occurs only as crystalline solid, either
massive crystals or as a powder consisting of tiny crystals too
small to be distinguished with an optical microscope. It is hard
and brittle. |
Si is used in glass, computers, soaps, cleansers, fireproofing, and adhesives. |
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When treated with nitric and sulfuric acids, glycerol is converted to nitroglycerin which is absorbed in clay to form a) dynamite b) heart medication c) both of the above |
Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol, the 3rd simplest alcohol is a byproduct of a) petroleum industry b) wine industry c) both of the above
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Si is required to make computers. It is the 2nd most abundant element on earth. Facts:25% of crust, 75% of entire land mass, 15% of earth |
Compounds of Si are : |
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Ethyl alcohol produced by fermentation of carbohydrates by yeast is a) intoxicating and good for your health b) intoxicating and bad for your health c) both of the above |
Methyl alcohol which looks and tastes similar to Ethyl alcohol is poisonous and deadly a) yes, even in a small dose b) only when drunk in extreme |
The Halogens, and their compounds are very poisonous because of their activity. They attach very readily to electrons, and combine with + ions of the metals to form salts. |
Silicones are added to waxes in furniture polish to prevent dust from sticking. Used as silly putty, bathtub caulks, and fakes tits. |
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Methyl alcohol is absorbed thru the skin so it is unfit for use as rubbing alcohol. a) yes b) no c) only when drunk in small doses |
Ethyl alcohol, the second simplest alcohol is known as a) grain alcohol b) ethanol. c) both of the above |
Iodine is essential in diet to ensure proper functioning of thyroid glands. Dietary sources are iodized (sea) salt and sea foods. |
Plant life with the aid of sunlight and the catalytic action of chlorophyll can absorb C from CO2 in air to form starch, sugar, cellulose and proteins, and return O2 in the air. |
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Family C |
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Long chains of carbon are called a) starch b) graphite c) diamond |
Does C expands as it solidifies like water? a) yes b) no c) only if its in an excited state
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Carbon is the main member of the Group 4 family. It is the 3rd most abundant elements in the universe forming 9% of man. |
Diamond (packed layers of sheets of carbon atoms). Diamonds consist of octahedral (8 sided) transparent crystals that are the hardest known substance. |
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Longer chains of carbon are called a) cellulose b) graphite c) diamond |
What is a Carbohydrate? |
Carbon atom interacts with other types of atoms as well as interacting with other C atoms forming chains and loops. The chains of carbon atoms interconnect to form sheets and crystals. |
Color is caused by a pattern of single, double and triple bonds between C and N and O atoms. Bleach destroys these bonds, by flattening them out like an iron smooths creases on cloth |
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Which is a Carbohydrate? |
Carbohydrates like alcohol are hydrated hydrocarbons. a) yes b) no c) depends, some times for some carbohydrates. |
Carbon when dressed with H forms compounds called Hydrocarbons (petroleum) that fuel our civilization. As the chains gets cut up by O into smaller chains from long fat and oil chains to smaller starch, sugar, and alcohol, energy is released. |
The plants use water and CO2 from air to produce long carbon chains. We can tap the energy stored in their making when we snap them apart with oxygen. |
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What is a Hydrocarbon? |
Which is a Hydrocarbon? |
C goes directly from gas to solid at 3600C. Does not go into a liquid state without an increase of pressure. Carbon in iron causes liquid iron to increase it volume on solidification like water. |
Organic chemists have learned to produce a host of valuable synthetic substances. molecules with double-acting properties are united into a network of very large molecules called polymers. |
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Which is a poly-unsaturated fat? |
Which is a mono-unsaturated fat? |
Polymers consist of large chains that separate when enough heat is supplied so that they slip apart. When cooled, they become firmly entangled again. Among the products made from polymers are synthetic fibers: rayon, nylon, polyester, acrylic, plastics , rubber |
Petroleum products are separated by distillation that utilizes the difference in the boiling points of the various compounds mixed in the liquid petroleum. |
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Which is a saturated
fat? b) C-C-C-C-C-C- |
Super saturated fats have a lot more H around it so molecule is a lot less flexible, and a lot more likely to get stuck somewhere. a) yes b) no c) only for hard fats |
Gas with 1-4C atoms boils at -40C, |
Waxes, oils, and , and fats are fatty acids on an alcohol chain. The fatty acids are separated from alcohol by a base. The base and the acid neutralize to the salt we call soap. |
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Which is a Carbohydrate? |
Saturated fats have more H around it so molecule is less flexible, and more likely to get stuck somewhere. a) yes b) no c) only for heavy fats |
Soap has a metal head that is water soluble and a fatty tail that is oil soluble. Like a funnel it attracts fat in water and surrounds it so it can be flushed away. |
Waxes contain mono hydroxyl alcohols instead of tri glycerol contained in oils and fats. Waxes are solids with low melting points. |
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Unsaturated fats have less H around it so molecule is more flexible, and less likely to get stuck somewhere. a) yes b) no c) it all depends on the level of cholesterol. |
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Sulfur, a cousin of oxygen helps to bind chains together side to side giving rubber its elastic properties.
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Like soap, bile acids emulsify fats in the intestines (break them down so they are easier to digest). |
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Family of F |
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Which is a salt
solution?
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NaCl is a a) salt. b) a sport team c) a terrorist organization |
Fluorine is a pale yellow gas and the main member of the Halogen family. Elements in this family are the most ready to accept an external electron to form stable ionic compounds. |
This family of atoms have a tendency to ionize and once ionized, they become very reactive with ionized atoms in Group I to form salts and water. The heavier the atoms within a class the less reactive they are and the less stable their compounds are. |
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Na(+) + Cl(-) + H2O is a salt dissolved to its negative and positive ions in a) water b) alcohol c) none of the above |
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Bromine is used in dyes and drugs (nerve soothing effect) and in the photographic industry |
Hydrofluoric acid HF reacts with glass and porcelain, but not with paraffin (wax). This is used then in the etching and frosting of glass. |