(Extended version 3.2 of 18 July 2004 / © Copyright 2001-2004 Bernd Urbach)

 Abstract :
This theory conjectures that there is a second universe adjacent to and in intensive interaction with our universe. Surprisingly, this conjecture leads to a consistent cosmology that confirms those statements of the present Standard Model of Cosmology that are undoubtfully true and completes this model where it has no answers or only weak answers.
The other universe is unobservable, because it is farther away from ours than the distance the light has travelled since the Big Bang.
The accelerated expansion of our universe is a consequence of the gravitation between both universes. The contraction of the other universe has transformed all its masses into Black Holes. Exported into our universe across the flexible, common border, these Black Holes act here as the Dark Matter.
The Big Bang took place in this other universe. Our universe will eventually contract and produce its successor by a new Big Bang. This Big Bang will not transform the complete contracting universe, but its most massive Black Hole only into the successor of our universe. Thus, a Big Bang follows a "Small Crunch" rather than a "Big Crunch". This means that inflation is not needed anymore.
The Big Bang is no unique event, but occurs in an infinite number of times, establishing an eternal Cosmos. Different from "Brane Cosmologies", this Cosmos does not have one or more spatial extra dimensions, but one timelike extra dimension.

1. The search for "Dark Energy"

In 1998 two independant teams published results of observations of distant Supernovae of type Ia, which led to the conclusion that our universe is expanding faster in the course of time, and not slower, as would be expected due to gravitation. This accelerated expansion could only be observed after the universe had reached a certain age [1,2].
The reasons for both, the acceleration as well as its late recognisability, are still unknown [1,3,4]. The unknown acting energy was named "Dark Energy".
In 2002 and in 2003, the existence of Dark Energy was confirmed by totally different evidences [63], [53].
Attempts of explanation using the vacuum energy, once proposed and later discarded by EINSTEIN, failed because of the different characteristics of the vacuum energy. The vacuum energy of quantum physics is not the reason for the accelerated expansion either, because this energy does not work on cosmological scales. Consequently, another energy, the so-called quintessence energy, was constructed, sharing the fate of the two kinds of vacuum energy, having no proper theoretical derivation of its cosmological effect.
Altogether, there are about  40 different hypotheses with regard to the reason for the energy causing the acceleration [34]. The search for the Dark Energy is going on. The following explanation of its nature uses a novel paradigma.

2. The reason for the Dark Energy

1. From a certain redshift of the supernovae further on, there are deviations from HUBBLE's law of linearity between recession velocity and distance [5]. The recession velocity at a certain distance is more reduced, compared to the expected one, the larger this distance is. This leads to the conclusion that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.

2. As a reason for this fact has not yet been found in our universe, this theory conjectures in the following that this reason is the attraction of our universe U by masses outsideU. We will see that this conjecture will lead to a consistant cosmology, answering a lot of questions the present Standard Model of Cosmology cannot answer clearly.
It is nothing but convention, why this Standard Model assumes that there are no masses outside our universe. Actually, this statement is not proven at all. Particulary, the General Theory of Relativity does not prohibit that there are masses outside U.

3. The conjecture that the Dark Energy is gravitational energy, caused by masses outside our universe, however, can be verified or falsified by observations. Furthermore, there is one more advantage : the appearance of Dark Energy, beginning only at a certain age of U, is immediately understandable : With increasing age and size of U the gravitation G_i between the more distant masses insideU is decreasing while the gravitation G_o between the less distant masses inside U and the masses outside U is increasing until G_o is stronger than G_i from a certain age of U on.
One can prove the above mentioned conjecture by observations, checking if the deviations of the old Supernovae from HUBBLE's law are compatible with the law of gravitation.
It will be explained below that the counter masses are located all around U and that they are distributed heterogeneously. Therefore the observations are depending on  direction ; i.e. one should take observations from old Supernovae of different age whose directions differ as little as possible. Each direction defines its own series of observations.

3. Where are the masses outside U ?

Is it possible at all that there are masses outside U ?
It is not only possible, but imperative that these masses exist, if our universe U had not been created by the Big Bang out of a vacuum or  even "out of nothing", but on the contrary, it was created in another universe U0, which went on existing after the Big Bang.
The spacetime of U0 would actually be located beyond today's edge E of our universe U : the space which does not belong to U is located beyond the edge E of U, and in terms of time, everything older than U belongs to U0, which already existed when U was created.

4. How can we imagine the relation of the two universes in detail ?

1. Our universe has been expanding since the Big Bang and has been spreading its electro-magnetic field with the speed of light and its matter with less speed into space which before belonged to U0.Uoccupies this space and the content of this space because of this spreading of its electro-magnetic field. Thus, space ( more precisely : spacetime ) is continuously being imported and matter and energy are being imported,too. U is importing the same amount of space, matter and energy per time unit as U0 is exporting.

2. This exportation and importation show us that the same laws of nature are valid in U0 as well as in U.

3. This exchange between U0 and the expanding U is taking place across the border of the two universes. This border is moving with the speed of light and is the edge of the electro-magnetic field F of U.( Mathematically, this edge is the enveloping surface of the wave front of the electro-magnetic field.) Everything within this field can be recognized in U within or outside the visible spectrum of F, whereas everything existing beyond this field cannot be recognized in U and consequently belongs to U0. Thus, this border between U andU0 represents the edge E of U already mentioned in section 3. Therefore E is the edge of U towards U0 as well as vice versa the edge of U0 towards U.
As U and also U0 are limited only by their electro-magnetic fields, the gravitation can work between these two universes in the same way as it would work in one single universe.

5. The two universes cannot observe each other

1. One can neither observe U0 from U nor U from U0. The electro-magnetic field of either universe cannot be observed in the other universe.

2. An observer in U can only look back till the time of the Big Bang ( more precisely : till the time when U became transparent ). Nevertheless, the whole U0 is older than the Big Bang and therefore farther away from the observer than the distance the light has travelled since the Big Bang. The finiteness of the speed of light prevents an observer from looking into the other spacetime of U0.
The observer could not see an object in U0 before it is exported to U, but then it would not be in U0 anymore.

3. The other way around, an observer in U0 cannot observe an object in U, because a photon, emitted from this object, is travelling with the same speed of light as the border EbetweenU and U0 is moving, so that the photon cannot reach this border, even less the observer behind this border. As the result, the observer could not see the object before himself being exported to U, but then he would not be in U0 anymore.

4. The term "Dark Energy" was initially coined, because one cannot see its reason. In fact : In U one cannot observe the matter in U0 ( let aside that this matter consists of Black Holes only as explained in section 7 below ).

6. What do the exportation of matter from U0 and its importation to U mean exactly?

1. U is spreading its electro-magnetic field in U0 with the speed of light. When having spread it so far that it has reached a mass m in U0, it will incorporate this mass into U, because m has become recognisable in U ( though in the case of m being a Black Hole this recognisability is only an indirect one.)
As long as m is still in U0, it contributes to the exterior gravitation of U and thus, to the additional acceleration of U, and therefore to the density of the Dark Energy in U which is nothing else but gravitational energy.

2. There are two mechanisms transferring m from U0 to U : Firstly, by the extension of the electro-magnetic field of U to the location of m, and secondly, m in U0 is gravitationally attracted by all masses in U0 and U according to the law of gravitation, which can be visualised more easyly by the model of NEWTON than by this one of the General Theory of Relativity  : The vector addition of the attractional forces of all masses in U and in U0 to m has a resulting vector, showing to a point P of U, if m will be exported. P is defined by all masses that attract m. Therefore the location of P is generally different from the location of the galaxy which is next to m. Thus, m does not collide with this galaxy, but reaches the interior of U.
In the case of m orbiting around U into U0, the first mechanism alone would lead to the import of m into U.

3. As soon as the mass m is imported to U,m contributes to the potential decrease of the expansion of U, because of the interior gravitation of U. At present, the exterior gravitation - together with the initial acceleration which U got from the Big Bang - is still dominating the interior gravitation. This relation potentially changes a little bit with every mass being imported by U, until the expansion of U finally will be reversed into a contraction. The exterior and the interior gravitation are the same mechanisms following the same law of gravitation - only their effect is different depending on where the causing masses are located.

7. The evidence of the importation of matter to U

1. At least, some of the matter imported from U0 can be identified relatively easyly. One example is the Big Attractor, towards which our milky way together with many neighbouring galaxies are moving with increasing speed. [6,7]. An approximate calculation, assuming it attracts masses in a distance of 50 Mpc (the HUBBLE constant taken as 71 km/(sec x Mpc)), leads to 10¹⁷ sun masses. Thus, it has several orders of magnitude more mass than any other known Black Hole. A similar result can be found in ref. [7]. There is evidence of the existence of still more massive Black Holes [8, 20]. They can be recognised by the distance, within which they are attracting galaxies and thus taking them out of the HUBBLE recession.
This theory conjectures that Black Holes with such an extreme mass cannot develop in an expanding universe like ours, spreading out its masses. One may prove this by computer simulations. Such enormous Black Holes can only form in contracting universes which are bringing their masses together.
Thus, U0 must be contracting as opposed to the expanding U. As contracting universe, a universe is described, which moves all its masses towards another mass under the influence of gravitation.

2. As U0 is contracting, the curvature of the spacetime of U0 is positive and the geometry of U0 is elliptic. U0 has concentrated all its masses in Black Holes and is empty except for these Black Holes.

3. The Black Holes imported from U0 into Uare all (or almost all) of the Cold Dark Matter (CDM) which has been sought after for a long time. It is well known that U could not have developed its present structure without huge amounts of CDM, which have not yet been observed. (e.g.[15]).

4. With the increasing age of U the ratio of massive Black Holes in all imported Black Holes is increasing, because they have had more time to develop in U0. The most massive ones like the Big Attractor help to form galaxy clusters, super clusters, and clusters of super clusters depending on the mass of the Black Holes, while some less massive ones help to form galaxies.

8. The relationship between expanding and contracting universes

1. It is not absolutely fixed whether a universe is expanding or contracting, but this can change during its development. In its early phase, just after the Big Bang, our universe was purely expanding until it imported its first mass from U0.
Since it is importing masses, our universe belongs to a combined type, though all in all expansion is prevailing. The imported masses are Black Holes, collecting other Black Holes, galaxies and other matter and thus preparing for the later contraction of our universe.
The structure of the deep space with its huge regions, where the galaxies are cumulating, offer ideal conditions to the Black Holes for the collection of galaxies.

2. U0 existed at the time of the Big Bang and it is existing till now. Otherwise, the expansion of U would have slowed down again after the acceleration.

3. U0 is a so-called "White Hole" that only exports matter, while U is a particular Black Hole that only imports matter, as all Black Holes do. The General Theory of Relativity admits both : Black Holes as well as their "time reversed" counterparts, the White Holes (e.g.[62]).I will call the particular Black Hole U a "Grey Hole".

9. Black Holes inside galaxies and quasars

1. In the centre of almost all galaxies, Black Holes are found with a mass that is some orders of magnitude smaller than that of the category of the Big Attractor [9]. In U there are Black Holes forming , too, but much smaller ones than those of this category. The less mass a Black Hole has, the more probable it has been created in U and the more mass it has, the more probable it has been imported from U0.

2. In 2002 "the most distant group of galaxies ever seen, about 13.5 billion light-years away", was found, "still within the first 10% of the history of the Universe." [16] The galaxy protocluster has a mass of 10¹⁵ sun masses. The international observing team "concludes that every forming cluster may house a bright galaxy that is or has been a powerful radio source. The radio sources are believed to be powered by massive black holes located deep within their nuclei." [16].
Thus, our universe already contained within the first 10% of its lifetime  Black Holes  massive enough to form galaxy clusters.

3. In 2002, "... NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory had observed the three most distant known quasars and found them to be prodigious producers of X-rays. This indicates that the supermassive black holes powering them were already in place when the Universe was only about one billion years old" [17].This Press Release also reports :" By various estimates, the three quasars each weighed in at between one and 10 billion times the mass of the Sun."

4. In 2001 the Sloan Digital Sky Study ( SDSS ) reported that a quasar with a redshift of z = 6.2 was found - "when the universe was less than 800 million years old" [18]. The German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft analysed the spectrum of the quasar and found that there is still neutral, not yet re-ionised gas [19]. The coexistence of this still neutral gas and a massive Black Hole as part of the quasar is an evidence for this theory.

5. One more example : In January 2003 again a SDSS news release announced : "Three distant Quasars found at the Edge of the Universe". They have redshifts of 6.4, 6.2 and 6.1.  X. FAN, the leader of the team that discovered the objects, "explained that these distant quasars -- compact but luminous objects thought to be powered by super-massive black holes -- reach back to a time when the universe was just 800 million years old." [24]

6. As a consequence of the law of gravitation, masses of different scales can be imported. A mass m in U0 is not only attracted by any other mass in U0, but by any mass in U as well. Because of the big masses in U, the sum vector of all gravitational forces can aim at U. In this case a small mass is imported to U instead of uniting with a bigger mass existing in U0, this way, smaller Black Holes can reach U.
Smaller Black Holes could have developed out of stellar Black Holes, soon after U0 had begun to contract.

7. The most massive imported Black Holes of the Big Attractor category form clusters, super clusters, ... of galaxies. Black Holes with masses in the medium range from 10⁶ till 10⁹ sun masses can be found in the centres of most galaxies. Black Holes with less mass can be found outside and inside galaxies.
Imported Black Holes with medium range masses help to transform protogalaxies into galaxies and to further develop these galaxies. Protogalaxies with a sufficient mass attract Black Holes located in their neighbourhood and implant them. Provided that the Black Hole is sufficiently massive, its gravitational and rotational energy is available for the protogalaxy respectively the galaxy for the development of stars and, step by step, the whole galaxy.
The Black Hole collects matter from the protogalaxy and later on from the galaxy, but not so much mass that it can incorporate the whole galaxy [10].
Mergers of smaller galaxies into a more massive one can take place, leading to a coalescence of the central Black Holes, too [50].
It is generally approved that earlier there were much more Black Holes , not residing inside galaxies than today [11].

8. Why are there a few galaxies without a Black Hole ? These galaxies lost their central Black Hole when they were torn by the attraction of another galaxy or a Black Hole.

10. Will U ever contract ?

1. The import of matter from U0 is weakening the exterior and strenghening the interior gravitation of U. The imported  Black Holes of the category of the Big Attractor collect galaxies, especially in the galaxy rich  "walls" of U, and thus become ever more massive and therefore they are able to incorporate more and more galaxies.
Thus, more and more galaxies are being deprived from the HUBBLE recession and finally incorporated.

2. All the masses imported into U did not experience the initial acceleration of the Big Bang. Therefore they continue to move within the expanding U like they did in the contractingU0 and they attract each other, not directly controlled by the HUBBLE recession. According to the phase described above, more and more of them are uniting to an extreme massive Heavy Core of U. This Heavy Core is absorbing more and more matter because of its big mass.
The interior gravitation increases because of the large attractional range of the Heavy Core. If there are still expanding galaxies, more and more of them are absorbed by the Heavy Core or by other very massive Black Holes.
The expansion phase of U comes to an end.

3. This continues until U contracts either completely with all its masses including galaxies, if still any, or until U0 does not have matter for the export anymore at a certain time T1. Thus, the exterior gravitation has stopped and cannot feed the acceleration of U anymore (provided, this acceleration has not alteady finished.)
4. Right now, at the latest, the decision for a contraction of U has to tb made, because the end of the import of matter means that the whole U0 has been imported by U. Therefore, step by step, further imported matter will arrive at the Heavy Core, which additionally contains some of the original galaxies of U.

5. Currently U also contains, besides the mass it had at the time of the Big Bang, the entire mass of U0 at the time of the Big Bang.
The volume of U, disregarding the space near the edge of U, is not greater than the space occupied by U0 at the time T1 when it was completely imported by U. This space was smaller than the size U0 was at the time T0 when U0 started its contraction.
The mass and energy density of U0 at the time T0 was large enough to cause a contraction. Thus, the mass and energy density of U will  be sufficient again for a contraction to occur.
According to this description in terms of quality, a contraction is probable, if an expanding universe gets masses from a contracting adjacent universe. However, the ultimate evidence requires a description in terms of quantity. This requires a balance of export and import. Right now, we do not have any figures for this balance. This balance would be part of a complete theory of the exact interaction of the two universes.

11.Will there ever be a new Big Bang ?

1. As we have seen, U will eventually contract after having totally acquired that amount of mass and energy, which U0 had before the Big Bang that created U.
Even if U contracted before, it would still acquire the amount of mass and energy U0 once had. In this case U0 will continue its export anyway - even into a contracting U.
In any case there will be a situation that a contracting U can dispose of the same amount of mass and energy as U0 did before.
The situation has happened once again : a universe with the same mass and energy as before U0 is building up its Heavy Core.
U0 produced a Big Bang this way.
Thus, one can come to the conclusion that this Big Bang will occur again - and again.

2. According to the General Theory of Relativity (GTR), the gravity spreads with the speed of light. In 2003, observational evidence was found "that the speed of gravity is probably equal to the speed of light" [25].
Thus, the GTR forbids that  gravity has spread farther than light in U since the Big Bang. However, light could not have spread beyond U. How can it be that there is gravitation effective between U and U0 , and thus, beyond U ?
According to this theory the most massive Black Hole H_MAX of U0 was transformed into our universe U by the Bing Bang. Before the Big Bang, there existed mass attraction between H_MAX and the rest of U0. Once established, this attraction would go on to exist after the Big Bang. The Big Bang could not erase the contribution to the curvature of the spacetime of U0 caused by the mass of H_MAX, because this mass went on to exist, though transformed into U. Even after the Big Bang the mass of U contributes to the geometry of U0, thus, exposing U to the mass attraction of U0. Therefore this attraction is not in contradiction to but in accordance with the GTR.

12. What was first in the universe : stars or Black Holes ?

1. If there were stars first, this would not discriminate between the conventional theory and this one. However, if Black Holes were first before stars, this theory would undoubtfully be right.

2. Does U import Black Holes only oralso visible matter like stars or whole galaxies ?
Could it be that the occasionally expressed conjecture, U might contain stars that are older than U will be confirmed this way ?
This cannot be totally excluded, but it also cannot be decisively derived from this theory. It is improbable for two reasons :
(i) In February 2003 the NASA published as a result of the "WILKINSON Microwave Anisotropy Probe" (WMAP) the information that the universe has an age of 13,7 billion years (with an about 2 percent margin of error only) [29]. This age is not really in contradiction to the lifetime of some old stars [31].
(ii) This theory assumes that all the stars of U0 have already been incorporated by Black Holes. However, if a single star was exported from U0 before its incorporation by an attracting Black Hole, this star  would still be attracted and incorporated by the same Black Hole in U. Therefore one could hardly expect that visible matter from U0, if any, could survive in U for an extended period of time.

3. In [29] the NASA  states that "...the first generation of stars to shine in the universe first ignited only 200 million years after the big bang..." .[30] explains : "WMAP does not see the light of the first stars directly, but has detected a polarized signal that is the tell-tale signature of the energy released by the first stars."  Thus, WMAP has not directly detected early stars, but polarized signals. The ref. [32] has a lot of data on the re-ionization of the primordial gas that caused this polarization. The re-ionization began 180 (+220/-80)  million years after the Big Bang. The re-ionization was so extensive that " an early generation of very massive (Pop III) stars could provide the required additional heating." These very massive stars create problems : "However, photons below the hydrogen ionization threshold will destroy molecular hydrogen (the principal vehicle for cooling in early stars), driving the effective mass threshold for star formation to ~ 10⁸  solar masses and impeding subsequent star formation(...). X-ray heating and ionization (...) may provide a loophole to this argument by enhancing H₂ molecules (...)." [32]
Where does the NASA know that the early light was caused by stars ? WMAP has not detected early stars, but a consequence of an early re-ionization. The NASA knows very well that there is exactly one other possible  reason for this re-ionization, namely Black Holes.
Of course, in terms of the conventional theory the very first re-ionization could have been caused by early stars only. However, this explanation requires the assumption of very massive early stars. On the one hand, we do not yet have any proof of the existence of very massive early stars and, on the other hand, their assumption creates the serious  problem that they would be "impeding subsequent star formation"  so that  "a loophole to this argument" is needed. [32]

4. By the way, the NASA has been informed about  this "Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos". This theory has a better fitting explanation of the early re-ionization  without inner contradictions : we know that there were quasars, and thus, as a part of the quasars, massive Big Holes in the early universe already ( see above subsections 9.2-5 ). A quasar is millionfold to billionfold brighter than a star. Therefore a quasar re-ionizes the primordial gas in a much larger area and to a larger extent than stars do. However, quasars are isolated, and thus, re-ionize only a few larger areas, but not areas  all over the young universe as very massive early stars would do. The early universe is still very homogeneous, and as a result stars would have been created everywhere in the early universe where galaxies developed out of their seeds. If the early re-ionization process was caused by Black Holes, it would be restricted to limited areas without impeding the cooling capacity of the gas in the other areas. In these areas stars different from very massive stars could develop without "impeding subsequent star formation".
According to this theory, the very first source of light in the young universe was gas falling in onto the accretion disk of a imported quasar Black Hole. The acceleration of the infall heated the gas and caused its bright glow. Later, the infall triggered a high energy jet, powered by the Black Hole. Still later, this Black Hole helped to develop a galaxy, which added to the re-ionization caused by the preceding quasar. In the course of time, more Black Holes joined.
This model enables a slow progression of the re-ionization process in the early universe. We know that this process took several hundred million years and that at a redshift of 6.2 there was still a co-existence of not yet re-ionized and already re-ionized gas ( see above subsection 9.4 ).

5. As for the documents [29] and [30], one should consider that [29] is a press release and [30] is an information for everybody. In its scientific papers the NASA reflects the present situation of the cosmology more sober. In [31] we read : "...the standard cosmological model has many deep open questions: ' what is dark energy? what is the dark matter? what is the physical model behind inflation (or somethink like inflation)?'...Over the coming years, improving CMB, large scale structure, lensing, and supernova data will provide ever more rigorous tests of the cosmological standard model and search for new physics beyond the standard model."
This requires the following remarks :
(i) A "new physics beyond the standard model" ??
This theory  - known to the lead author D. N. SPERGEL of [31] - proposes such new physics.
(ii) "The physical model behind inflation (or something like inflation)"  ??
One has to  read these words carefully. The physical model of or behind inflation is believed to be known.
What does SPERGEL mean by "something like inflation" ? Either there was inflation or there was not. A third alternative, namely
something like inflation, is not possible. If there had been no inflation, the claimed effects of inflation would, of course, have been produced by a model different from inflation. This theory describes such a model.
(iii) Let us return to SPERGEL's interesting expression "the physical model behind inflation (or something like inflation)" one more time :
On the one hand, the WMAP scientists seem to claim having confirmed the inflation theory. See e.g. : "The WMAP team found that the big bang and inflation theories continue to ring true" [29] or
"WMAP both confirms the basic tenets of the inflationary paradigm and begins to quantitatively test inflationary models" [33] .
On the other hand, despite such statements, [33] shows that the WMAP mission has actually not achieved any substantial evidence for the inflation. Opposite to the expectation raised before, the WMAP mission could not prove the inflation. Facing this dilemma, it is wise to look out for something different, e.g. "something like inflation".

6. Does the NASA withhold important WMAP data and results ?
(i) When the NASA published the results of the first two WMAP passes in February 2003, something importent was amiss : the polarisation data were not released, because : "Systematic errors in the individual Q and U maps are not yet fully assessed; consequently, we defer detailed analysis of the Q or U maps to a later paper." However, there was the promise : "We are currently performing a more complete set of systematic error analyses in the individual Q and U maps. A future data release will include full-sky polarization maps and polarization power spectra." [32]

(ii) In August 2003, the situation was still the same. An "Explanatory Supplement" on the NASA data server informed : "For the first data release, however polarization data are not available ..." [67]. Although other data had been additionally released after the first data release in February 2003, a release date for the polarisation data was still unannounced in August 2003. However, there was new hope when at the end of August a member of the WMAP science team replied to my e-mail question for the release date : "We are actively working on the final processing of our first polarization maps and hope to have them out in a month or two."
(iii) Usually, error analysis and the development of correction software are done before the launch of a satellite. WMAP was launched in June 2001. At the latest, the necessity of a new error analysis should have been known at the end of WMAP pass one in April 2002. It is not easy to comprehend that "a more complete set of systematic error analyses" and the subsequent development of correction software needs more than one year.
(iv) In March 2003, I congratulated the WMAP team via e-mail on its outstanding success, and asked on this occasion, if the yet unpublished polarisation data could differentiate between stars and a quasar as the source of the very first re-ionisation of the universe. In August 2003, I was still waiting for an answer of this question.

(v) In May 2003, the scientist and journalist M. D. LEMONICK published an interesting book on the WMAP mission [68]. As an embedded journalist the author knows the WMAP team very well.
The book reports that the scientific head of WMAP, D. SPERGEL, has drawn a very surprising, unexpected conclusion from the polarisation data. Of course, LEMONICK does not reveal what SPERGEL has found. About twenty team members would share SPERGELS's secret.
The book quotes the "Cyclic Theory" of STEINHARDT (Princeton University, USA) and TUROK (University of Cambridge, UK) [27] as a possible theoretical foundation of the new findings. That is, however, not possible, because this theory is mathematically refutable. [27a]
I will not comment the many hints at the secret, LEMONICK gives, because it is not acceptable that the public must use the - albeit excellent - book of an embedded journalist in order to guess what the NASA has found out or not (using public funds). I would rather like to ask the NASA to return to its own high standard of information policy.

13. The nature and the origin of the "Dark Matter"

1. According to the WMAP results in [29], "the contents of the universe include 4 percent atoms (ordinary matter), 23 percent of an unknown type of dark matter, and 73 percent of a mysterious dark energy."
Above, in sections 7 and 9,  the nature and origin of a part of this "unknown type of dark matter"  is described as imported Black Holes of the "Big Attractor" and the "galaxy centre" category. However, this description does not include the complete Dark Matter. It has been known since long that Dark Matter is contained in the peripheral parts of galaxies (e.g.[37 - 39]).

2. Large Dark Matter halos found
(i) Moreover, in 2003 PRADA et al. have found that "galaxies are embedded in large halos extending to distances up to 350 kpc." [35]. They found this, studying the velocities of about 3000 satellite galaxies orbiting isolated galaxies. The analysis of data from the SDSS database indicated clearly that the velocity of the satellites declined with large distances r to the primary galaxy. "This decline agrees remarkably well with theoretical expectations, as all modern cosmological models predict that the density of dark matter rho_DM in the peripheral parts of galaxies" scales as r ^-3 [35].
The SDSS reports on the subject : "A new study using the Sloan Digital Sky Survey provides the most direct evidence yet that galaxies reside at the centre of giant, dark matter concentrations that may be 50 times larger than the visible galaxy itself." [36]
(ii) In the middle of 2003, the results of "New research on dwarf spheroidal galaxies by a team of astronomers from the University of Cambridge" was published that "promises a real astronomical first detection, for the first time, of the true outer limits of a galaxy". With respect to one such galaxy, called " Draco", the scientists were able " to demonstrate their observations could only be understood if the galaxy was surrounded by a large halo of dark matter." [59]

3. Where do these (i) "giant, dark matter concentrations" respectively where does  the (ii) "large halo of dark matter" stem from ?
Let  H be the central Black Hole of a galaxy GA. Let us  consider H before its export from U0. Furthermore, let us consider all those Black Holes of U0 which had been attracted by H more than by any other Black Hole of U0. This means that in U0 the orbits of these Black Holes had been ruled by H. These Black Holes had either been orbiting  around H or towards H. We will call the group of these Black Holes GR(H).
In general, each Black Hole H* of GR(H) can have its own group GR(H*), too.
When H was exported from U0, all the members of GR(H) were alsoexported - some of them before and some of them after the export of H, depending on their position in U0.
In U0, all members of GR(H) had been orbiting in a certain neighbourhood of H. Therefore after the export of all the members of the group, the same is  true for U, too. Of course, some time before their export the orbit of all members of GR(H) is no longer ruled by H, but by U itself. This is true for H as well. However, this does not alter the fact that all the members of GR(H) were located in a neighbourhood of H, once they had been imported into U.

4. What happened to the members of GR(H) after their import into U ?
Different from the contracting U0, gravitation is limited in U by the expansion of U. In U, a Black Hole H can attract other masses only within a distance d(H) that depends on the third root of its mass. Therefore the export divides GR(H)  into two subgroups GR_attr(H)  and GR_{not attr}(H). While the members of GR_attr(H) were still located within the distance d(H), the members of GR_{not attr}(H) were located outside this distance d(H) and therefore their orbits were not ruled by H anymore.
The members of GR_attr(H) must coalesce with H after their import yielding a mass increase of H, while the members of the other subgroup could survive, if they did not coalesce among themselves.Of course, in an extreme case either subgroup could be empty or could consist of only a few members.
We know that a binary system consisting of a Black Hole orbiting around another Black Hole is not stable. This leads toboth Black Holes eventually having to coalesce [42]. Therefore all the members of the subgroup GR_attr(H) had to coalesce with H eventually.
This is one way H continued its growth after its import into our universe. The other way is the incorporation of matter.

5. Galaxy mergers
It is possible that members of  GR_attr(H) had begun to form small galaxies before they coalesced with other members and in any case eventually with H. Thus, these coalescences can correspond to mergers that unite small galaxies into larger ones. There is evidence that some larger galaxies resulted from galaxy mergers (e.g. [50]). Even a galaxy with "two active giant black holes in the  nucleus of an extraordinarily bright galaxy" was found [47]. Also in a starburst galaxy, four Black Holes were found located within 3000 light years of the galaxy core and possibly "gravitating toward the centre of the galaxy where they could coalesce to form a single supermassive black hole" [48].

6. What happened to the members of the other subgroupGR_{not attr}(H) after their import into U ?
Of course, occasional coalescences inside this subgroup were possible at any time. However, there is no reason for a complete coalescence of all the members like in the case of GR_attr(H).
Therefore GR_{not attr}(H) went on to exist as a group of Black Holes located farther away from HthanGR_attr(H).
Above, H has been defined as the central Black Hole of the galaxy GA. Once H had helped to develop its galaxy GA , a gravitational equilibrium between GA and the Black Holes of GR_{not attr}(H)  resulted : they orbited GA in the halo outside GA.
This theory conjectures that the Dark Matter halos, encompassing their galaxies, generally are considerably more massive than the galaxies themselves. The motivation for this conjecture lies in the WMAP ratio of dark and usual matter, quoted above in subsection 13.1. Neither the supermassive Black Holes of the Big Attractor category nor the central Black Holes, which have only a small fraction of the mass of their galaxies [43], can explain the huge amount of existing Dark Matter. This conjecture is additionally motivated by [35], which   means that  the members of GR_{not attr}(H) have to orbit around their galaxy GA.
According to this theory, the galaxy halos  contain Black Holes  which (i) were imported together with the (seed of the) central Black Hole of the galaxy and which (ii) are orbiting around the galaxy. On the average, the Black Holes in the halo are less massive than the members of GR_attr(H)and therefore H itself, due to the following :
(a) H is the result of coalescences of all members of GR_attr(H) and
(b) already in U0,  the members of GR_{not attr}(H) had larger distances to H than the members of GR_attr(H). This means that they still had had a greater probability - compared to the members of GR_attr(H) - to coalesce with other Black Holes and, tthus, to increase their mass before they finally coalesced with H. However, they were exported before they could do so. Thus, they had to stay less massive than the members of GR_attr(H).
How could such "middleweight" Black Holes of GR_{not attr}(H) develop in U0 ? Their seeds could have developed out of stellar Black Holes after U0 had begun to contract.
If sufficient time was available, the halo Black Holes like all bodies, orbiting around other bodies, would eventually decelerate their circular velocity and at last plunge into the galaxy, where they would be attracted by the same -  though meanwhile more massive - Black Hole H  again, as long before in U0.
The imported Black Holes represent almost all of the Dark Matter of our universe.

7. The following results also support the concept of Black Holes as the Dark Matter that is hidden in galaxy halos :
(i) Since only gravitation is effective between the orbiting Black Holes and the galaxy GA , the Black Hole density , i.e. the Dark Matter density, rho_DM is proportional to the derivative F'(r) where F(r) is the gravitational force effective between GA and the Black Holes. F(r) scales as r^-2. Therefore F'(r) and thus, rho_DM,must scale as r ^-3, as was found by [35].
(ii) In 2003, R. BARKANA und A. LOEB found that two quasars with redshifts of (a) 4.79 and (b) 6.28 already owned Black Matter halos [40a]. Though these quasars were not yet surrounded by a fully developed galaxy, they already had a Dark Matter halo. The scientists found "...what could be the fingerprint of dark-matter haloes in the light from quasars." [40b]
[40a] estimates that these quasars have - in terms of sun masses - Black Holes of (a) 4.6x10⁸ resp. (b) 1.9x10⁹ and halos of (a) 2.5x10¹² resp. (b) 4.0x10¹².
[40b] reports furthermore : "Quasars are very old. Some date back 12 billion years - to within a billion years of the Big Bang. That just doesn't seem to leave long enough for the host galaxies of quasars to come together and gather their supermassive black holes from a cloud of primordial gas and dust."
This theory explains this conundrum.
(iii) Computer simulations have led to the result  that the halos of galaxies consist of  "relatively small blobs of dark matter, each weighing millions of times more than our Sun, may orbit the Milky Way and nearby galaxies." [41] The simulation "traced the movements of millions of computer-simulated dark-matter particles over the course of billions of years." This resulted in halos, consisting of such blobs instead of "smooth" Dark Matter.

8. Above in subsection 13.4 , the situation has been explained in principle only.
Actually, not only the attraction by H, but the overall attraction decided on how a Black Hole of GR(H)had to orbit in U. Therefore it could be that some Black Holes orbiting near to the other subgroup had to leave their subgroup and join the other subgroup. Even if some Black Holes should have to change their subgroup as a result of their individually attractional situation, there would (almost) always exist "centre-bound" and "halo-bound" Black Holes - and sometimes additionally "galaxy-bound"" ones in between them, e.g. in starbirth clusters.

9. The central Black Hole and the Black Holes in the halo co-operate in forming and stabilising their galaxy.
(i) Among all the masses that attract a galaxy gravitationally, its central Black Hole and its halo are of special importance, because their nearness exercises a strong gravitational pull on the galaxy. On the one hand, its central Black Hole exercises an inward pull, and on the other hand, its Black Hole halo exercises an outward pull on the galaxy. This way, the central Black Hole and the halo co-operate in defining the form and structure of the galaxy and in stabilising it - in addition to the other mechanisms that also prevent the galaxy from being incorporated by its central Black Hole, like the star rotation around that centre.
This also has to be true for the Milky Way. (Actually, one can easily calculate that the about 3 million sun masses of its central Black Hole [56] are sufficient to attract our whole galaxy.)
(ii) The inner gravitational equilibrium between the central Black Hole, the galaxy and its halo, of course, constitutes relations and constraints  between the masses and sizes of these entities. The intial conditions of this gravitational equilibrium were defined in U0 before the Black Holes' export, the further development out of these initial conditions was deternined in U. The stronger the influence of the initial conditions from U0 is, the weaker a relation or constraint is in U and vice versa. Therefore these relations and constraints are tighter, if the central Black Hole or the central parts of the galaxy like a bulge are concerned. Of course, the type of the galaxy has to be taken into account, too.
Some of these relations are already known like the approximative relation between the central Black Hole mass and the extent of the mass concentration of the galaxy. The authors of [52] "demonstrate a strong correlation between supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass and the global structure of ellipticals and bulges: more centrally concentrated bulges and ellipticals (higher Sersic index $n$) host higher-mass black holes."
Another example is the correlation between the central Black Hole mass and the central velocity dispersion of the galaxy (e.g. [44]).  [44] also provides a relation between the mass of the central Black Hole and the circular velocity in the flat part of the rotation curve of spiral (and some other) galaxies.
Moreover, [44] states an "observational evidence for a connection between supermassive black holes and dark matter haloes".
[44] and [45] also provide formulae for the relation between the central Black Hole mass and the "total dark halo mass" [44]. Both papers state, however, that "the uncertainties in this conversion can be quite large" [44]. According to this theory, the reason for these uncertainties is the yet unknown mass distribution in U0  that would influence this relation.
This theory also requires that the mass of the central Black Hole defines an upper constraint for the size of the galaxy.
(iii) The described co-operation between a galaxy, its halo and the central Black Hole, that it hosts, shows that not only the birth and the future of our universe, but also its permanent evolution is not possible without the other universe. Obviously, both universes live in a close symbiosis. Physically, they are two universes, but functionally, they act like two parts of a double universe.

10. The case of the missing galaxy
Of course, a central Black Hole can support the formation of a galaxy only, if the Black Hole meets a sufficient amount of matter with sufficient density. Otherwise, the Black Hole would only incorporate the matter of less density, creating a sphere, void of matter, with the central Black Hole in its centre. Outside this void, no galaxy but only the halo would exist. This way, the large voids in the universe, containing only little matter and sometimes smaller galaxies, may contain Black Holes, too. These voids, taking  up 85% of the universe, may contain 20% of its total mass, mostly in form of Dark Matter. This was indicated by a computer simulation [73].

11. In the middle of the year 2003, when these lines (of the 3rd enhanced version of this theory) are written, we already know some details of the complex processes by which central Black Holes and Dark Matter halos support the formation of stars and their galaxies, though the complete picture is not yet clear. In the following, some reported features of this picture are compiled :
(i) The growth of the central Black Hole is associated with the birth of new stars in the galaxy : "The stellar mass of these galaxies and the masses of their central black holes are clearly growing together." [55]
"In its conclusion, the team said that as the rate of black hole growth increases, so does the amount of star formation within the past 100 million years, recent in astronomical terms. In the most extreme objects the black hole is growing as fast as in bright quasars and the galaxy is dominated by young stars." [55] However, "Massive galaxies where black hole growth is currently weak or absent typically have the structure and star content of old elliptical galaxies, which finished making stars long ago..." [55]
(ii) The growth of the central Black Hole and its galaxy proceeds (always ?) in cycles.
[50] describes "...how super massive black holes control the growth of massive galaxies in the distant universe." "A dense region of intergalactic gas cools to form several smaller galaxies, which merge to form a larger galaxy with a super massive black hole. The galaxy and its central black hole continue to grow until the energy generated by jets from the vicinity of the voracious black hole stops the fall of matter into the black hole. Millions of years after the jet activity subsides, matter will resume falling into the black hole and the cycle begins anew." [50]
"The high energy jets give the super massive black holes an extended reach to regulate the growth of these galaxies" [50], namely by triggering the formation of stars :"These jets ... have swept up clouds of dust and gas and have helped trigger the formation of billions of new stars." [50]
(iii) Moreover, it is supposed that already the formation of the first stars [49] as well as the early structure formation in the universe [12] required the presence of Dark Matter.
(iv) The central Black Holes and their jets
Relativistic speeds of these jets and jet lenghts of more than one million light years have been observed. [51]
The jets begin at the accretion disks of the Black Holes. (e.g.[57])
"The plasma temperature rapidly decreases from about 10**10 K at the foot point of the jet to about 10**6 K at a distance of 5000 gravitational radii from the source. Temperature and the mass density follow a power law distribution with the radius." [54] This paper further reports about "...magnetically driven superluminal jets originating from rotating black holes. The stationary, general relativistic, magnetohydrodynamic wind equation along collimating magnetic flux surfaces has been solved numerically."
Another team has succeeded in simulating the generation of corresponding jets with a computer [58].
(v) Though more details still have to be found out, it has become clear that the formation of stars and their galaxies is not possible without massive - i.e. originally imported non-stellar - Black Holes.

12. The only known kind of matter acting like Dark Matter are Black Holes. Until now, the search for other kinds was in vain, though this search used a variety of approaches and theories and took quite a time. However, some insight into the nature of the Dark Matter has been accomplished. In 2003, the above mentioned result [29] of the NASA WMAP mission has made sure that there is more than five times more dark than usual matter and [35] has demonstrated that most of it is in located in galaxy halos. Here, this Dark Matter acts exactly as Black Holes would do.

13. Until now, the origin of super massive Black Holes or their seeds is totally unknown (e.g. [46]), and none of the many conjectures has proven true. The connections between Black Holes and galaxies are partly but not really understood. What is understood and not understood in the middle of 2003 is described by  [60] and  [61].[60] summarises the

"Remaining problems
The expected blue luminosity of AGN, corresponding to the BH growth and to the BBR, is too large compared to observations, and models have tried to lower the radiating efficiency (ADAF, CDAF, ADIOS, extinction). The expected number of binary BHs from the hierarchical scenario of galaxy formation is not observed, and mechanisms to merge them more efficiently have to be found. More questions remain, as why are the disks so irrelevant in the BBR, or whether the BBR is already established at high z. The existence of IMBH has to be proven, and the threshold for the BH seeds to be precised. Exceptions to the BBR, like M33, have to be searched and understood." (BBR = Black hole to Bulge mass Relation).

The list of open questions of [61] reads :
"The recent observational progress has led to big improvements in our understanding on how black holes were assembled in hierarchically merging galaxies. There is, nevertheless,a long list of unanswered questions. The following is a certainly incomplete version of such a list:
(1) Is AGN activity really triggered by mergers (beginning, end, multiple)? What is the time scale of QSO activity? What determines it? Why is it apparently shorter than the merging time scale of galaxies?
(2) How much room is there for dark or obscured accretion? Can the accretion rate exceed the Eddington limit?
(3) What is the physical origin of the M-sigma relation? Is it as tight as claimed, and if so, why? Does it evolve with redshift?
(4) Does AGN activity affect the cooling/heating budget during galaxy formation in a global sense? What role do SMBHs play in defining the Hubble sequence of galaxies?
(5) Are (hard) supermassive binary black holes common? On which time scale do they merge?
Are supermassive binary black holes responsible for the core properties of galactic bulges?
Do black holes receive kick velocities that eject them from (small) galaxies?
(6) Do intermediate-mass black holes form in shallow potential wells? Does the M-sigma relation extend to smaller black hole masses? Does the hierarchical build-up of SMBHs extend topregalactic structures at very high redshift?
Many of these questions are already under intense scrutiny. Progress in answering them will hopefully bring us closer to a more complete understanding of the physical processes responsible for the formation of SMBHs."

However, the development of the supermassive Black Holes cannot be completely understood, because of the paradigma that our universe is the only one. This paradigma has been already blocking the answer of the inflation theory question for about two decades. Will the same happen again with respect to the origin of the massive Black Holes ?
The following constraints do not allow to develop a valid theory on the formation of very massive Black Holes in our universe :
(i) The mass of a star that generates a Black Hole is an upper constraint for the mass of this Black Hole. Therefore the about 10¹⁷ sun masses of the Big Attractor require an enormous  number of star made Black Holes (generated in the about 4x10¹⁷ seconds after the Big Bang), regardless of the huge amounts of usual matter the Big Attractor has acquired in U, too.
(ii) As mentioned above, a Black Hole of mass m could accrete usual and Black Hole matter only, if this matter were located in a distance depending upon the 3rd root of m. This inhibits the growth capacity of the Black Holes.
If constraints do not allow the development of a theory, one should check the preconditions of the constraints. The bulky precondition is that the Black Holes grew in an expanding universe. In U0 the constraint (ii) does not exist.

14. Does our universe have siblings ?

1. U0 created U with the Big Bang and U0  still existed after the Big Bang. Therefore such an event could have happened at different points of the spacetime of U0 before or after the Big Bang.
In this case U would have so-called siblings of the same parent universe.
It cannot be excluded that two expanding children universes collide and then coalesce to a new universe. Universes can be created (i) by a Big Bang and possibly also (ii) by such a coalescence. Universes can cease their existence either (i) by such a coalescence or (ii) by a complete incorporation into one or several children universes.

2. The constituting element of a universe is the EINSTEIN spacetime of its own.

3. In sections 10 and 11 the case of sibling universes existing at the same time as U has not been considered. This will now be done here. In this case, it does not follow that U will contract in order to create a new Big Bang. However, it is rather unlikely that this case, will ever occur. Even after the Big Bang, U goes on attracting the remaining masses in U0 because of its big mass. This is true, too, even for masses of U0 at a great distance from U. Therefore another Heavy Core K as a prerequisite for a further Big Bang can be formed in U0 only so far away from the massive U that U has nearly no more attraction power at this remote place. This state must last until the second Big Bang. However, the Heavy Core K gets more and more heavy and consequently more attracted by U, and its large distance to U is getting shorter because of the contraction of U0 : Both facts favour the import of K into U - instead of K staying outside U and producing a second Big Bang.

4. However, in the improbable case of U0 having several children universes, which finally incorporate their parent universe completely without U contracting, it could happen that some or all of these children universes will unify until the mass and energy density is sufficient for a contraction.

5. It is evident that we, as observers in U, can only have knowledge of those other universes we share a border with and therefore have interactions with these universes. We cannot recognise universes, if any, which do not have a common border with U.
Therefore we cannot recognise the complete structure of the whole Cosmos. Consequently, it is not possible in principle to wholly recognise the complete Cosmos.

6. Cosmological models with more than one universe have been described several times. This is the only model, which describes a second universe that is permanently and directly adjacent to and has intensive and specific interactions with our universe. Both universes share a common border in our usual three-dimensional space - different from "Brane Universes" which are separated by one or more unobservable spatial extra dimensions. Brane cosmologies do not know a permanent import of matter and energy into our universe, but only an import at Big Bang time (see e.g. [27] and [28]).

15. The time has come to give up our conventional view of the universe

1. The understanding that the Cosmos consists of more than one universe forces us to give up our conventional "self-centred" view of the universe. We have to distinguish between - on the one hand - universes, which appear and disapppear, and therefore have a limited spacetime and - on the other hand - the Cosmos. This theory understands the Cosmos in terms of space and time as being the whole of all universes which ever existed, are now existing or will ever exist in the future. ( C. SAGAN has defined the Cosmos this way.)
From the existence of a sequence of universes as described above, the conclusion must be drawn that the Cosmos has always existed and will always continue to exist. With respect to time the Cosmos has no beginning and no end, it simply is.

2. Consequently, one has to distinguish between the cosmic time T and the time t(u) of an individual universe u.
T has an infinite range of values. Given an arbitrary point T=0 of the cosmic time, any negative values represent the past while any positive values represent the future of T=0.
However, t(u) has a finite range of values from the beginning until the end of the existence of u. t(u) is the time variable of the spacetime of u.
Thus, the cosmic time T completes the four-dimensional spacetime of the universes to a five-dimensional spacetime of the Cosmos.T has discrete values representing the different Big Bangs of the Cosmos. The other values of T belong to those points of the cosmic time when the nature was not yet ready to produce the next Big Bang.

3. It is not possible to explain our universe completely out of itself. The attempt to do so, was the basic deficiency of the present cosmology, not diagnosed up to now.

4. The term "universe" means "everything that exists". When the Big Bang was recognised, one did not see that it had created only a part of all that exists, while another part remained concealed till it became finally detectable by its interactions with our universe U.

5. As described in section 5, the two adjacent universes U and U0 cannot observe each other, i.e. one can only observe objects in the spacetime of one's own universe.
If this theorem had been generally known, the cosmology hardly would have made the mistake to exclude the existence of U0 only for the reason that one cannot observe it directly. This misconclusion has been obstructing cosmology for decades.

6. This theory is compatible to the theorem of HAWKING and PENROSE of 1970 "that there must have been a big bang singularity provided only that general relativity is correct and the universe contains as much matter as we observe" [71a].

This theorem means that - provided the correctness of the General Theory of Relativity - there was either a Big Bang singularity or that there is principally unobservable matter. While HAWKING and PENROSE took the singularity for proven, this theory interprets their theorem the other way round and decides in favour of the alternative, i.e. matter existing outside our universe. The matter that is principally unobservable is the matter that has not yet been imported into our universe.

Later HAWKING developed another cosmology [71b], by which the universe had already existed always without any singularity in a mathematically imaginary time before the present era of the universe began which has a mathematically real time coordinate. (Note that the words real and imaginary have a meaning in mathematics that has nothing to do with their usual meaning.)
 

16. What causes a Big Bang ?

1. As we have seen in section 10, U will finally contract and form a Heavy Core. It is evident that gravity hinders Black Holes from "exploding". However, the Heavy Core of U0 "exploded" in the Big Bang.

2. The successive coalescences of the Heavy Core with their incorporations of further masses and energy will eventually increase the temperature and  pressure of the Heavy Core.
We do not yet know the structure of the Black Hole matter for sure. Logically, there are two possibilities with respect to this structure : (i) all Black Holes consist completely of nonfissionable particles that cannot be broken into other particles anymore or (ii) this is not the case. In this case (ii), the matter of all or of some Black Holes has a structure S that contains one or several kinds of fissionable particles. The above mentioned increase of the temperature and the pressure of the Heavy Core will finally break S, releasing the energy bound in this structure.
At least one kind of the fissionable particles of S has been broken into other particles and therefore the matter of the Heavy Core has reached a new state.
If this new state is not yet the state (i) but again a state (ii), the further increase of the Heavy Core temperature and pressure caused by further coalescences will repeat the breaking of the new structure.
No matter if any or how many of such breakings will take place, the state (i) will eventually have been reached, i.e. the Heavy Core consists completely of nonfissionable particles.

3. What will happen if the Heavy Core of this state (i) continues to incorporate mass and energy by coalescences with other Black Holes? There is no structure anymore that can be broken. What happens in such a state of the maximum possible mass and energy density of the Heavy Core?
This theory conjectures that the extreme gravitational energy is forced to reverse its effective direction of action in order to occupy space, and thus, to reduce the pressure and the temperature. This reversion of the effective direction of gravitation is the Big Bang. This way, the Big Bang starts the expansion of a new universe.

4. According to [65], the equation of state at Big Bang time is w = p/rho = c²/3 with pressure p, density rho, and speed of light c. That means, the Big Bang took place, once this ratio w was reached.
One has to consider, however, that [65] does not take into account the existence of U0 and thus, the gravitation between the Heavy Core and the rest of U0. Furthermore, the Black Hole of [65] does not rotate.

5. Of course, it will not be easy to prove the above conjecture, as long as we do not yet know these "last" infissionable particles for certain. We do not even know, whether these  are the fermions already or whether quarks have structures. It could even be in the extreme case that we could not produce the energy to create these particles and have to theorize without having the ultimate certainty of their existence.

6. In 2000, one succeeded for the first time in creating "for a very short time", a quark-gluon-plasma with a "temperature, 100 000 times as high as inside the sun", and a density "20 times as high as in the interior of atomic nuclei", corresponding to the state very shortly after the Big Bang [13].

7. The Big Bang happens, when the extremum of the mass and energy density have been reached. The Big Bang can only happen, when the contracting universe has not yet finished its contraction. Otherwise it would remain in a Big Crunch. Actually, a "Small Crunch" rather than a "Big Crunch" precedes a Big Bang.
Our universe has - compared to U0 - a small size and a small amount of mass, energy and entropy at Big Bang time. The "singularity" of the Big Bang is the secession of a new spacetime from the original one. Both spacetimes are connected continously with respect to the three spatial dimensions.

8. I noticed that the Big Bang power and the corresponding energy have no common names in the literature. Therefore I propose the term "anti- gravitation", already used by some authors, so that there are altogether the interior, exterior and anti-gravitation.

9. The co-operation of the gravitation and the anti-gravitation shall be described here once more : The transition from gravitation to anti-gravitation in the Big Bang enables (i) to separate matter and energy again, (ii) to reduce the density of both, and consequently, (iii) to combine both to hierarchically fundamental structures of matter (?, quarks, baryons, atomic nuclei, atoms, molecules) that are necessary for higher structures (gas, dust, ..., stars, galaxies, galaxy clusters,...)
In our universe, these higher structures require the gravitation in a form that takes into account the limitations caused by anti-gravitation. Each Black Hole H attracts other masses, that follow the HUBBLE recession, within a distance r. The mass of H is proportional to the 3rd power of r. A tenfold radius requires a thousandfold mass. This makes the acquisition of masses more difficult, the larger r is. Hence, the formation of large structures ( galaxies, galaxy clusters, super clusters,... ) becomes increasingly more improbable with increasing size. In addition to this : The anti-gravitation distributes the masses in the course of time with distances r, while gravitation controls them proportionally to the 3rd power of r. The anti-gravitation has a better chance of winning the competition - especially if the initial mass of U is too small. The ever-lasting expansion is threatening. We already know how this is being prevented : through the import of masses which are creating large structures in order to destroy them thereafter and, simultaneously, by preparing the latter contraction of U.
It does not matter that these masses are meanwhile stored in U0, for this is only temporary.

10. One has known for a long time that galaxy clusters contain considerably more matter than can be observed in their galaxies and in the inter-cluster medium [16]. According to our explanation, we know what kind of Dark Matter this is.

11. The Big Bang takes place at a certain mass and energy density and not at a certain mass and energy content.
This content can be a little bit different at different Big Bangs depending on the the mass- and energy-input of the last coalescence of the Heavy Core before the Big Bang. I will call the Heavy Core before its last coalescence the "Big Bang Body".

12. Without the mass export from U0 a Big Bang with respectively little mass would create a universe, that could not form stars and could not contract again. Correspondingly, a Big Bang with respectively more mass would create a universe that perhaps could form stars, but would contract after a shorter period of life.( See section 9 above with respect to the relation of the formation of stars and the import of masses.) In any case the import of masses supports the creation of stars and galaxies and creates a longer period of expansion before contracting.

17. The Structure of Black Holes

1. How can the coalescence of two Black Holes create a new Black Hole with higher temperature and pressure than those of the coalescing Black Holes ? This seems to contradict the statement that the surface temperature of a Black Hole is the lower, the more massive the Black Hole is. This theorem is theoretically derived, however, for obvious reasons, it cannot be proven by observations.

In order to reconcile this contradiction, this Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos conjectures that Black Holes have a structure, consisting of a small very massive inner nucleus and a larger surrounding outer shell that is limited by the (inner) event horizon. This shell contains only the matter that is falling onto the shell at the event horizon. This matter is passing through the shell, attracted and incorporated by the shell. If there is no matter infall, the shell is empty, except for evaporating particles.

The temperature and pressure of the Black Hole are those ones of the nucleus. Thus, the matter and energy density inside the Black Hole could increase with the Black Hole mass, while the shell insulates the Black Hole surface from the mass.

The surface, limited by the event horizon, does not allow light to escape from the Black Hole gravitation. Thus, the event horizon depends on the curvature of the Black Hole space only. There is no need for the Black Hole's matter extending till the event horizon. It can be concentrated in the nucleus, inducing a sufficient curvature of the Black Hole space. Thus, the definition of the event horizon is compatible to the Black Hole structure proposed here.

2.  According to a theorem, the event horizon is proportional to the mass of a Black Hole. As a consequence, the mass density of a Black Hole - as the ration of its mass to its volume - is inversely proportional to the square of its mass. A tenfold mass yields a mass density that is a hundreth times smaller.

The central Black Hole of our Milky Way has a few million sun masses. Therefore its mass density is 10^12 times smaller compared to the mass density of a Black Hole that is the remnant of a star with a few sun masses. The average matter density of this remnant scales as 10^14 g cm ^-3 , while this one of the above mentioned Big Attractor Black Hole with its 10^17 sun masses scales as 2x10^^-18 g cm ^-3. This is the density of a gas in a near vacuum state.

It looks paradoxical : on the one hand, Black Holes are the most massive form of matter, on the other hand, their mass density varies over an enormous range of scales.  The proposed Black Hole structure reconciles this paradox, because it allows a nucleus density that increases with the Black Hole mass.

3. This Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos is not the only theory that considers the Big Bang as an "explosion" of a Black Hole. The same conjecture can be found in the cosmology proposed by SMOLLER and TEMPLE in 2003 [65]. They have derived a metrics of our universe from the field equations as the metrics inside a Black Hole.  According to their theory as well as to this theory, there was no singularity but a finite size of the universe at Big Bang time. If this size were taken as the event horizon of our universe, this size would be at least hundreds of millions of light years, depending on the mass which is attributed to our universe at Big Bang time. This is hardly compatible with the measured data we have. However, the explosion of a nucleus which is many magnitudes smaller makes good sense.

The density of a Black Hole with a few sun masses is a few 10^14 g cm ^-3 as mentioned above. A nucleus thatt (1) has a mass that is about the mass of the universe and that (2) has the same average mass density of a few 10^14 g cm ^-3 would have a size of  about a few thousand light seconds . Note, this is not a statement that our universe has had this size at Big Bang time but it is an example which demonstrates that the universe could have begun with a comparatively small size at Big Bang time. This is a plossible alternative to its beginning with an "infinite small singularity".

4. The proposed Black Hole structure does not change the known laws of Black Holes or the metrics of SCHWARZSCHILD and their generalisations by REISSNER, NORDSTROM, KERR, NEWMAN et al. outside the Black Holes, because the mass distribution remains spherically symmetric.

The proposal replaces the the singularity that has an infinite density at the Black Hole centre with a central sphere that has a maximum density. This corresponds to the replacement of the Big Bang singularity with a Big Bang Body that has a maximum matter and energy density.

"It is expected that future refinements or replacements of general relativity (in particular quantum gravity) will change what is thought about the nature of black hole interiors. Most theorists interpret the mathematical singularity of the equations as indicating that the current theory is not complete, and that new phenomena must come into play as one approaches the singularity." [72]

18. The rotation of U

1. A last coalescence of the Big Bang Body (BBB) led to the maximum mass and energy density and, thus, caused the Big Bang.
In U, the imported Black Holes that reside in the centres of galaxies are rotating Black Holes. The coalescence of two rotating KERR (-NEWMANN) Black Holes creates a new rotating Black Hole [42]. Therefore the BBB had an angular momentum. As U had imported masses and energy from U0, this angular momentum would not be the same at present time, however, U must go on rotating, but very slowly because of the unknown but very considerable difference of the radii (of the event horizons) of the BBB and the current size of U. This slow rotation was actually observed in the meantime [14].

2. Of course, at the transition of the BBB into our universe by the Big Bang, other conservation principles are applicable, too like the conservation of mass and energy (or at least of their joint equivalent) and other physical quantities which do not depend on the size of the BBB. Among these quantities, there are the inner and the outer event horizon of the rotating BBB Black Hole. Therefore one could even calculate event horizons  for U. Our universe can be considered as a peculiar rotating Black Hole of its own kind. In [64] the metric inside this Black Hole is calculated under the assumption that U is a SCHWARZSCHILD Black Hole and without regarding the import from the White Hole U0.

3. The rotation of U raises the questions: (i) In what space does U rotate? (ii) What is the reason for this rotation? (iii) Where does the rotation energy come from?
It is already a distinct indication at the existence of U0 that these questions cannot be answered without knowing U0.

4. Thus, we have already three indications at the existence of U0 :
(i) the exterior gravitation as the reason for the accelerated expansion
(ii) the existence of such massive Black Holes that they could not have formed in U
(iii) the rotation which cannot be explained out of U itself.
In the next section we will come across a further indications :

19. The small inhomogeneities of the MBR

1. Additionally to gravitational waves, the last coalescence must also have generated a shock wave in the Big Bang Body, due to the sudden reversion of the direction of pressure in the Big Bang Body. This shock wave originated at the centre of the Big Bang Body.
This shock wave must have produced inhomogeneities of the mass density of the Big Bang Body and therefore inhomogeneities of its temperature, too. In this theory, the Big Bang is understood as the beginning of the expansion of the Big Bang Body. This beginning took place as soon as the shock wave had reached the outer surface of the Big Bang Body. The time between the generation of the shock wave and the Big Bang was not enough to make the inhomogeneities disappear before the Big Bang. Thus, the inhomogeneities survived the Big Bang.
Today, we find these inhomogeneities in the Microwave Background Radiation (MBR).

2. In 2001, it was found that these early inhomogeneities define the distribution of the galaxies in U [21, 22]. Thus, this distribution is inherited from U0.

3. In February 2003, the  first results of the most exact measurements ever of the MBR by the NASA WMAP mission have been published [31] : there are several indications that the universe is finite, in accordance with this theory, but in disagreement with the present Standard Model of Cosmology [65].[75] reports : "The results from theWMAP experiment [1] have deepened interest in the possibility of a finite universe. Several reported large scale anomalies are all potential signatures of a finite universe: the lack of large angle fluctuations [4], reported non-Gaussian features in the maps [5, 6], and features in the power spectrum [7]. "

4. Moreover, [75] rules out "a broad class of finite universe models smaller than a characteristic size. By extending the search to all possible orientations, we will be able to exclude the possibility that we live in a universe smaller than 24 Gpc in diameter."  24 Gpc are equal to 78 billion light years. This means that (1) the  universe is much larger than assumed before, (2) that the most part of this universe is unobservable, and (3)  that the unobservable part surrounds the observable universe - all in agreement with this theory. The only difference is that the authors of [75] speak in the traditional way of "the universe", while this theory considers the observable and the unobservable part as two universes. [76] finds, using another method than [75] in order to constrain the topology of the universe : "We establish 95% confidence limit L > 17 Gps for the cell size of a cubic topology, in agreement with the result of 24 Gpc obtained by Cornish et. al. (2003).“ (Obviously, "Gpc" is misprinted as "Gps".)

5. [75] and [76 ] provide much evidence for this theory : our universe has an age of 13,7 +- 0,2 billion years [77]. Therefore we cannot look back more than (about) 13,9 billion light years.  If  the universe has a size of at least 78 billion light years, large parts of the  universe are not observable. This means that these parts are more distant than the distance the light could have travelled since the Big Bang. However, the universe cannot contain parts that are older than the universe is. Therefore these parts belong to the elder universe - as this theory states.
All the considerable evidence in favour of this theory is compiled in the appendix.

20. The FRIEDMANN and the EINSTEIN equations for U and U0

1. Neither U together with U0 nor U or U0 alone are described by solutions of the FRIEDMANN equation, because this equation has as a precondition the existence of a unique universe. We have to re-write the FRIEDMANN equation in a different way : omitting the lamda term and using a term for the import of masses at discrete times ( or approximately for a permanent flux of masses ), whereas the amount of this import is still unknown.
For U0 we can write down an equation describing the contraction because of the gravitation together with the mass export.

2. However, the FRIEDMANN equation is not really suitable for U0 because of the inhomogeneity of the mass distribution of this universe. This is true for U as well, however, to a lesser extent.

3. The spacetimes of U0 and U are four-dimensional sub-manifolds of the five-dimensional spacetime of the Cosmos. The General Theory of Relativity, extended to the fifth dimension, will yield 15 field equations. As a boundary value for their solutions, the different metrics of U0 and U have to be identical on the three-dimensional common boundary of both universes at any time. Another condition is, of course, that the four-dimensional metric of U (respectively U0) is identical with the new five-dimensional metric of the Cosmos, if in this one the fifth dimension is fixed to the value representing U (respectively to U0).

21. Some relations to other cosmologies

In the following the relation between this theory and statements of some other theories is considered.

1. Big Bang
Whereas the Big Bang can be taken for sure, the present theories leave a lot of questions open with regard to the Big Bang's accompanying circumstances : This theory offers crucial answers - such as (i) the pre-history of the Big Bang, (ii) the horizon problem which is no problem anymore because of the existence of the Big Bang Body and (iii) the kind and origin of the unknown Dark Matter : It was imported after the Big Bang. This theory does not need cosmologically effective singularities of any kind, created by vacuum influctuations, and does not need inflation either. The inflation was needed only in order to compensate for the missing pre-history before the Big Bang. In this theory, the only kind of "singularity" is the eternity of the Cosmos. The theory assumes that all other physical quantities are finite in principle.
According to this theory, the Big Bang was no unique event.

2. Space
According to this theory, the space into which U is expanding did already exist before.
Our universe has to rotate in this space owing to its pre-history .
There is the open question, if since the time of the Big Bang (i) the masses of our universe are recessing from each other, or if (ii) the space is only "swelling"? If the reason for the additional acceleration of our universe proves to be gravitation, the first one will be correct, because the gravitation attracts mass but no space.

3. Vacuum energy and quintessence
According to this theory, both of them are not the reason for the acceleration of the expansion of our universe, but gravitation is the
reason.

4. Critical mass density
The concept of the critical mass density of the present theory has to meet four conditions : that the total mass of our universe is (i) constant, (ii) homogeniously distributed, (iii) completely expanding and (iv) is expanding while strictly following HUBBLE's law. All these four conditions are not correct according to this theory.

The mass import will be increasing the mass density of our universe until it will have reached the critical density for a contraction.

5. The mass and energy content
According to this theory, the mass and energy content of our universe is increasing through out the course of time ; therefore the sum of its positive and negative energy is not equal to zero.

6. The flatness
Measurements indicate that our universe is flat or almost flat [31].
The reason for this is still unknown. Some people believe the inflation has fixed the curvature of the spacetime absolutely at zero exactly .
According to this theory, the Big Bang Body had a positive curvature K before the Big Bang. After the Big Bang, the expansion together with the gravitation, caused by U0, flattened U. The figures in [31] show how modest the matter and energy import still is up today - compared to the enormous increase of the scale factor since the Big Bang. Therefore K is asymptotically approaching zero until a sufficient matter import will increase K again. As a consequence, the geodetics in U are closed curves.

7. The place of creation of our universe
According to this theory, this place was its parent universe U0 and not the "nothingness".

8. The present Standard Cosmology
The University of Cambridge (UK) compiles on the internet nine "shortcomings of the Standard Cosmology". In [26] we read :" Despite the self-consistency and remarkable success of the standard Hot Big Bang model in describing the evolution of the universe back to only one hundreth of a second, a number of unanswered questions remain regarding the initial state of the universe."
[26] mentions the "timescale problem", whether there are stars older than the universe. Today, this problem is considered to be solved, because improved measurements yield an age of the universe compatible to stellar lifetimes ( see also subsection 12.2 above ).
This theory gives answers to the "flatness problem" and the "dark matter problem". Further research should include estimations of the mass distribution in U0 and the mass export from U0 to U.
The other six problems are completely solved by this theory, namely the "horizon", "density fluctuation", "exotic relics", "thermal state", "cosmological constant", and the "singularity problem" ( see [26] ).

9. "Brane Cosmologies" ...
... conjecture the existence of one or more spatial extra dimensions. According to this theory, there exists only one extra timelike dimension. The main Brane Cosmology is [27]. [64] states that either the inflation theory or [27] is true. The NASA quotes this statement in [33] :
" Recently, Gratton et al. (2003) have shown that there is only one other possibility for robustly obtaining adiabatic fluctuations with nearly scale-invariant spectra : w>>1. The Ekpyrotic/Cyclic scenarios correspond to this case."
However, the "Cyclic scenario" [27] as well as its predecessor, the "Ekpyrotic scenario" [28], can be refuted mathematically. Therefore it is sure that neither [27] nor [28] is the "only one other possibility" for obtaining the observed nearly scale-invariant fluctuations of our universe.
This "Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos" is still another possibility as an alternative to inflation. However, this theory does not exclude all other theories from being true, as [64] does. This theory will be verified or falsified as soon as appropriate data are available.

10. Cyclic Models with only one universe ...
... assume an indefinite number of cycles, separated by Big Bangs, like this theory does. The expansion after each Big Bang reverses into a contraction which ends in a Big Crunch, followed by a new Big Bang. It has been known since long that this model cannot work, because the entropy would increase from cycle to cycle making the cyclic behaviour impossible ( Reference [29] taken from [27] ).
This theory, however, predicts a "Small Crunch" in form of the Big Bang Body rather than a "Big Crunch" preceding a Big Bang. The entropy and hence, the entropy density, of the Big Bang Body is about the same at each Big Bang.

11. The "Big Rip"
In 2003, R. CALDWELL et al. have calculated that the whole universe and everything in it would be ripped to pieces in the future, if the accelerated expansion of the universe went on continuously [69]. Informed about this theory, CALDWELL relativised the statement : "A Big Rip is not inevitable, but simply a new possibility." [70]

12. The Cosmology of SMOLLER and TEMPLE
and this cosmology share the statements that our universe (i) lies inside a Grey Hole, i.e. an exploded Black Hole, and (ii) is finite in space.
Their theory excels in mathematically deriving the dynamical metrics inside this Black Hole from the EINSTEIN field equations, matching this solution to the dynamics of the shock wave caused by the Big Bang explosion. "These shock wave solutions indicate a new cosmological model in which the Big Bang arises from a localized explosion occuring inside the Black Hole of an asymptotically flat Schwarzschild spacetime." [65]
The main difference between both theories is that SMOLLER and TEMPLE do not describe the White Hole U0 and its interactions with the Grey Hole U. Therefore they consider the ratio of the pressure and the density as constant and not as a function of the time.
The authors "... wonder if there is a connection between the mass that mysteriously disappears into Black Hole singularities, and the mass that mysteriously emerges from White Hole singularities" (last sentence of [65]). [66] contains a short synopsis of the theory.
Obviously, the theory of SMOLLER and TEMPLE and this theory complete each other.

13. The Cosmology of VENEZIANO

is based on String Theory and conjectures, too, that the Big Bang was the explosion of a Black Hole [74]. In this theory, there is an eternal Cosmos, too. However, this theory conjectures that a Big Bang results from a "Big Bounce". This is not possible, according to sub-section 10 (above). A Big Bounce is totally different from the "Small Crunch" and subsequent "Small Bounce" of this Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos.

22. A quotation

by M. DAVIS, a theoretical astrophysicist at the University of Berkeley [23] :
"If the universe is accelerating, the only way this could happen is if it contains a substance that is very, very strange compared to normal substances". "Either that, or we are missing something really fundamental about the workings of the universe."
The second part of this either-or-statement is correct.

23. Summary

In the following the main statements of this theory are recapitulated once more :

1. At present, there is a second universe U0 besides our own universe U.
2. U0 is located in a region of space into which our universe U is expanding. Hence, U does not expand into "the nothingness", hereby creating its space, but expands into an existing space, belonging before to U0.
3.The expansion of U into U0 means that (i) the electro-magnetic field of U spreads with the speed of light into space that belonged to U0 before, and (ii) that matter of U spreads into this space with less speed.
4. U0 is in a later phase of the development of a universe and it is contracting (collapsing). Its matter is made up completely of Black Holes.
5. An observer in our universe U can get information only from the electro-magnetic field of U, and hence, cannot observe U0.
6. Vice versa, U is not observable from U0.
7. It is just because we cannot observe U0 from U we have  "overlooked" it up till now.
8. The expansion of U into U0 means that U continuously acquires (imports) space(time) from U0. Together with this space it also imports its content, i.e. matter (Black Holes) and energy.
9. Hence, the content of matter and energy of U is continuously increasing.
10. Because of this import the same laws of nature are valid in both universes.
11. The Black Holes being imported at definite instants of time can be perceived in U by means of their gravitation.
12. They are almost all of the Dark Matter of U, intensively sought after.
13. The most massive imported Black Holes attract galaxies, form clusters and super clusters of galaxies, ... and eventually incorporate them. Without them clusters of galaxies would be impossible.
14. Among those most massive Black Holes imported from U0 is the "Big Attractor" onto which our galaxy and numerous neighbouring galaxies are rushing.
15. It has a mass of about 10¹⁷ sun masses !  Such extremely massive Black Holes cannot be formed in an expanding universe such as U, but only in a contracting universe such as U0.
16. Less massive imported Black Holes support the development of stars and their galaxies.
17. Almost all galaxies contain such an imported Black Hole. In developed galaxies the mass of these Black Holes  is in the range of 10⁶ till 10⁹ sun masses. Less massive Black Holes orbit their galaxy in its halo. The latter Black Holes make up the large part of the Dark Matter.
18. The inner gravitational equilibrium between the central Black Hole, the galaxy and its halo constitutes relations and constraints  between the masses and sizes of these entities.
19. The imported most massive Black Holes of the Big Attractor class collect galaxies, especially in the galaxy-rich "walls" of U, and many of these Black Holes will one by one coalesce to an extremely massive Heavy Core of U in the future. There is a Black Hole structure consisting of a nucleus and surrounding shell. The pressure and the temperature of the nucleus increase  as a result of coalescences.
20. Further coalescences with other Black Holes will lead to an increasing pressure and temperature inside the nucleus of this Heavy Core. As a result, the Core nucleus transforms the structure of its matter, until it consists of "final" nonfissionable particles only. The Heavy Core has developed into a Big Bang Body and is about to create the next Big Bang.
21. The Big Bang ignites when the maximum possible density of matter and energy of the Big Bang Body has been reached. The Big Bang Body, consisting only of nonfissionable particles, inverses at Big Bang time the effective direction of action of the gravitation. This inversion is the Big Bang. This way the Big Bang Body gains space in order to reduce the pressure and the temperature. The expansion of a new universe has begun. This new universe has been created while the previous one still exists - preparing, by means of the export of matter, the future contraction of its "child universe".
22. Thus, there are universes which are born and die and there is the Cosmos which has always existed and will exist forever. This Cosmos consists of all universes which ever existed in the past, exist at present, and will forever exist in the future.
23. Therefore the Cosmos has an infinite lifetime, whereas the lifetime of each of its universes is finite. As the space of an universe is finite, too, the four-dimensional spacetime of each universe is finite.
24. The infinite time of the Cosmos defines an extra dimension. This dimension completes the four dimensions of a universe to the five-dimensional spacetime of the Cosmos.
25. In this Cosmos we can only discover U0 (besides U), because U interacts with U0. If there were other child-universes of U0, us observers in U would not be able to detect them. Hence, we have to state a fundamental non-recognisability of the whole Cosmos.
26. The angular momentum of the Big Bang Body qualitatively survived the Big Bang. Hence, U is rotating; in particular, it is rotating very slowly.
27. The last coalescence of the Big Bang Body, which triggered the Big Bang, caused a shock wave in the Big Bang Body. Its impact in the Big Bang Body survived the Big Bang and can be detected in the slight inhomogeneities of the Microwave Background Radiation (MBR).
28. The older U gets, the more the acceleration of the expansion of U, due to the attraction of the masses between U and U0, appears as a further interaction. It will decrease in the future when U has imported more mass from U0. One should show by means of observations that this acceleration is in accordance with the law of gravitation and this, in turn, would give a clear proof of the theory presented here. In other words : the so-called "Dark Energy" causing this acceleration is nothing but gravitational energy, effective between the two universes.
29. This theory does not need any vacuum fluctuations and resulting singularities, it does not need inflation, a swelling of space , a cosmologically effective vacuum energy, a quintessence or similar constructs. In short, this theory does not have any of the problems that necessarily occur if one tries to explain our universe "out of itself".
30. This theory provides answers to questions like : (i) What was before the Big Bang? (ii) What is the reason for the accelerated expansion of U ? (iii) What is the missing Dark Matter and where does it stem from ? (iv) How are galaxies and clusters of galaxies created ?  (v) Why does our universe rotate ? (vi) What will be the fate of our universe ?
31. This "Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos" deliberates cosmology of many of its unsolved problems and internal contradictions and reveals a relatively simple and clear picture of the cosmology.
32. Finally, this theory can be proven by observations. It is sufficient to prove the reason for the accelerated expansion of the universe. If this reason is gravitation, the existence of matter outside U and consequently the existence of U0 is proven. The immediate consequences are the export of masses from U0 to U and, nearly inevitably, the other basic statements of this theory.

24. Final remarks

1. The main statement of this theory , that there is another universe, should not be rejected, if this theory, containing a lot of facts, is wrong in some details. The principal statement of this theory - that there is another universe in close symbiosis with ours - is important !

2. This theory should not be rejected either, because it follows a different paradigma as the present theories do. Everything, opening a new horizon, was once hardly believable, and is taught in the first terms today.

3. This version 3 of the theory is an enhancement of the version 2 of 28 February 2003. The version 1 had been published on the internet at http://www.geocities.com/BerndUrbach  since 8 April 2001.

New in  version 2 was e.g. :
(i) in subsection 12.3 the explanation  (a) how the early re-ionization of the universe worked in principle and (b) why the first generations of stars could develop despite this re-ionization;
(ii) in subsections 9.6-7 the explanation in principle why almost all galaxies contain a massive central Black Hole;
(iii) in subsection 11.2 the explanation why there can be gravitation between U and U0 although gravitation could not have spread beyond U since the Big Bang.

New in this version 3 are mainly :
=>in section 13 the explanations
(i) that the Dark Matter halos contain imported Black Holes;
(ii) how the central galaxy Black Hole and the halo Black Holes got into their position;
(iii) that both kinds of Black Holes co-operate in order to form and stabilise the galaxy and
(iv) that the imported Black Holes are all (or at least almost all) of the Dark Matter;
(v) that the formation of stars and galaxies is not possible without imported Black Holes, and
(vi) thus, both universes live in a close symbiosis;
=>in subsection 20.12, a short comparison of the substantial similarities and differences of the  SMOLLER -TEMPLE cosmology and this one shows how both theories complete each other;
=>in subsection 12.6, the statement of an embedded WMAP journalist is mentioned who claims that the NASA withholds important new WMAP results.

4. On 10 November 2003, the sub-sections 13.10 and 15.6 were added and the version was named 3.1.
On 14 July 2004, section 17, the appendix and the sub-sections 19.3-5 and 21.13 were added and the version was named 3.2.

5. This English translation is the joint effort of the author and his friend, Dipl.-Hdl. K.-H. TESSENDORF, retired Head of Department for French and English for upper classes, at present lecturing at a commercial academy.
An additional language check was performed by S. ZAWALSKI who studies Computer Science in Portland (Oregon, USA).

6. My replies to e-mails sent to mailto:Bernd.Urbach@web.de may take longer. I do not have a staff and I work in a different profession.

7. All the versions of this theory  are deposited with a notary public.

8. Finally, I would like to shortly consider the most important of the many implications which would result far beyond cosmology, if this theory is true. In my view, a trueness would not at all allow the conclusion to doubt the existence of God, but quite the contrary, it would corroborate this existence. If this Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos is true, it would anew demonstrate how ingenious and sophisticated the creation is.

God be praised for His creation, His continual creation !

APPENDIX

Evidence Supporting the "Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos"
(in July 2004)

(i) Evidence

1a There are super-massive Black Holes with billions of sun masses already in the early universe at redshift z ≈ 6. There is no evidence at all, how these super-massive Black Holes came into existence at z ≈ 6.

*Recent finding*
1b These Black Holes cannot be Primordial Black Holes (PBHs), formed by whatever  mechanism in the early universe, because astro-ph/0302035  constrains the mass of such PBHs "to be less than ~ few × 10^4 sun masses."

1c There is no explanation except this theory how the most massive Black Hole, we know, the so-called Big Attractor, got its about 1017 (!) sun masses in the about
4 x 1017 seconds that have passed since the Big Bang.

2a This theory explains that a galaxy must have (i) a central Black Hole and (ii) a halo with Black Holes orbiting around the galaxy. We observe the central Black Holes and get more and more evidence of Dark Matter Halos.

*Recent finding*
2b The theory explains why some Black Holes do not create a galaxy but a large void around them. New computer simulations indicate that the voids, taking  up 85% of the universe, may contain 20% of its total mass, mostly in form of Dark Matter
(astro-ph/0305203).

3 According to this theory, the universe must rotate. It was found that it is rotating.

*Recent finding*
4a The lack of correlated signals on angular scales greater than 60 degrees in the WMAP temperature spectrum (astro-ph/0302209) indicates that the universe is finite - in accordance with this theory.

4b A finite universe creates the problem to describe what is "outside" this finite universe. This theory explains that the other universe begins where ours ends.

*Recent finding*
5 The WMAP result that the universe is flat or almost flat (astro-ph/0302209) is in accordance with this theory that predicts a very small positive curvature of the universe. 

6a The theory explains in a very natural way the Dark Energy as gravitational energy effective between the masses of the two universes.

6b This way, the Dark Energy could not yet have effects right after the Big Bang, while the inner graviation inside our universe was still stronger than the graviation between the two universes. Therefore the Dark Energy could become effective only some time after the Big Bang - and, in fact, it became effective only some billion years after the Big Bang.

*Recent finding*
6c In December 2003, U. ALAM et al. (astro-ph/0311364) and in January 2004, S. NESSERIS et al. (astro-ph/0401556) published results of Supernovae type Ia
observations, giving evidence that the equation of state parameter of the Dark Energy (1) is not constant, (2) changed its sign from plus to minus in recent times, and (3) has a rapid increase for redshift z > 0 .

All three results are inherent in the Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos because of 6b above.

*Recent finding*
7a According to this theory, Black Holes are generally imported in groups. The group members form small initial galaxies which merge into a permanent galaxy.

This picture corresponds to an observation of the European Space Agency (ESA) in 2003 of a proto-cluster containing a few not yet fully developed "embryonic" galaxies, grouped around a more massive galaxy. (ESA Report on  “Record-breaking ancient galaxy clusters“  of 1 January 2004) . The proto-cluster is about 12 billion light-years away and looks totally different from developed clusters. 

*Recent finding*
7b At the beginning of 2004, the "Gemini Deep Deep Survey" comes to the result :

"In contradiction to the paradigm of standard hierarchical formation based models, the bulk of the stellar mass in large galaxies was assembled at high redshifts rather than recently. We find no evidence for a dependence of the evolutionary rate on mass, again in contrast with a hierarchical assembly picture." (astro-ph/0401037). Furthermore, this paper states “...that our data would be compatible with a non-hierarchical picture, simply because the observed galaxy evolution is independent of mass.“

The Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos describes such a picture that correctly fits in with the observed data.

8a The theory explains the reason for the Dark Matter together with the reason for the Dark Energy in a consistent way. If this explanation proves true, the search for the Dark Matter as well as for the Dark Energy would be finished. 

*Recent finding*
8b In 2003, ESA scientists have concluded "that within the standard scenario of structure formation, the predicted abundance of galaxy clusters points toward a high density universe, ..." (astro-ph/0311626), leaving "... little room for dark energy" "in clear   contradiction to the 'concordance model,' which postulates a Universe with up to 70% dark energy and a very low density of matter." (ESA Science News Release 24-2003
of 12 December 2003)

What is wrong ? The existence of much Dark Energy was confirmed many times by independent teams and independent methods.

Wrong is "the standard scenario of structure formation" (astro-ph/0311626) that is derived from the present Standard Concordance Model of Cosmology. If one replaces this model by the Theory of the Dynamic Cosmos, the ESA calculations lead to a considerably lower matter density as well as to an answer of all the open questions the ESA puts in (ESA Science News Release 24-2003).

9a The shock wave that the Big Bang has triggered must have caused (nearly) scale-invariant density fluctuations in the universe. In fact, there are such fluctuations.

9b The various inflation theories explain them in a different way, however, these theories  lack a clear theoretical derivation as well as real evidence.

9c The "Cyclic Theory" by STEINHARDT and TUROK explains the fluctuations in a different way, too, however, this theory is physically impossible. I have refuted this theory mathematically and, thus, in a "waterproof" way.

9d There is no single effect accredited to inflation that cannot be explained by the pre-history of our universe before the Big Bang. The inflation is not needed anymore, because the Big Bang was preceded by a "Small Crunch" rather than a "Big Crunch". (It is proven that a Big Bang cannot follow a Big Crunch.)

10a The theory considers our universe as an exploded Black Hole. Therefore there must be solutions of the EINSTEIN field equations for this case. In 2003, SMOLLER and TEMPLE have given (an approximation of) such solutions.

10b According to these solutio