The oldest document concerning Dracula uncovered by McNally and Florescu is a manuscript in the Monastery of St. Gall, Switzerland, written in Low German, probably in the year 1462, the year in which Dracula fell from power for the second time.  Pamphlet literature dealing with Dracula, printed from 1482 onward, can be found in various Western Europe libraries. 

The only such item in the United States is owned by the Philip H. and A.S.W. Rosenbach Foundation, Philadelphia. (See:  Frederich R. Goff, Incunabula in American Libraries, New York, 1964, p. 221.)  Not surprisingly, given the historical Dracula's ethnic background and the scene of his activities, most modern studies relating to him have been written in the Romanian language, the only major Romance language preserved in central Europe. 
  

  Asik-Pasa-Zade, Tevarih-i al-i Osman, ed. F. Giese, (Leipzig, 1929). 

Although not a direct witness of Dracula's night attack on Mohammed II's camp, Asik-Pasa-Zade left an interesting account of it from the Turkish point of view.

Beheim, Michel,  Die Gedichte des Michel Beheim, (Berlin, 1968). (Deutsche Texte des Mittelalters herausgegeben von der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Band LX.) 

This is the most recent edition of the troubadour Michel Beheim's poem, which is rich in anecdotes about Dracula.  It was written in Wiener-Neustadt around 1463, and may have been inspired by stories told by refugee monks from Transylvania.

Bonfini, Antonio,  Rerum ungaricarum decades..., 4 vols (Leipzig, 1936-41). 

Latest edition of the chronicle by the official Hungarian historian at the court of King Mathias Corvinus (1458-90).  Bonfini, who probably knew Dracula personally from 1462 onward, may or may not have gotten his anecdotes concerning the ruler firsthand.  Part of his chronicles--Decades tres...--was published in Basel in 1543; the first complete edition appeared in that city in 1568.

Chalkokondyles, Leonikos.  Atheniensis historiarum, libti decem.  Corpus scriptorum bistoriae Byzantinae,  (Bonn, 1843). 

Earlier translations into French were published in Paris, in 1577; and in Rouen, in 1660.

Of the Byzantine chroniclers, Chalkokondyles gave by far the most complete account of Dracula's campaign in 1462.

De Wavrin, Anchiennes croniques d'Engleterre par Johan de Wavrin seigneur de Forestel, ed. Mlle Dupont (Paris, 1858-63), vol. 2, pp. 1-162. 

Valuable firsthand testimony concerning Dracula's early career.

Dlugosz, I, Historica Polonica libri XIII ab antiquissimus temporibus (Leipzig, 1711-12). 

This Polish chronicle contains information on Dracul's crusades against the Turks and on Dracula's early career.

Doukas, Michael.  Historia Byzantina recognovit et interprete... (Bonn, 1834). 

While not as complete an account as one finds in Chalkokondyles, Doukas supplies what is probably the most impartial treatment of 1462 campaign against the Turkish sultan, Mohammed II. 
 

A new edition of the chronicle was published in 1968.  Includes the early German Dracula manuscript written in 1462.

Engel, Johann Christian von.  Geschichte der Moldau und Walachey.  Nebst der Historischen und Statistischen Literatur beidjer Lander, (volume IV of Geschichte des Ungarisches Reiches und Seine Nebenlander, pp. 75-80) (Halle, 1804). 

The work contains reprints of the Dracula pamphlets, plus an analysis of them.

Kritoboulos of Imbros,  History of Mehmed the Conqueror (translated by C.T. Riggs).  Princeton, 1954. 

Contains some material concerning Dracula's anti-Turkish campaign of 1462.  McNally and Florescu characterize it as "a very mediocre English translation of the Byzantine chronicler".

Modrussiense, Niccolo (Modrusa), in G. Mercati, ed., Opere Minori, vol. 4 (Vatican City, 1937). 

The reports of this papal legate contain firsthand information on Dracula's cruelties and a very complete, unique literary portrait.  The legate presumably met Dracula after 1462 and during his period of Hungarian imprisonment.

Munster, Sebastian, Cosmographiae Universales,  (Basel, 1572), Libri VI. 

Munster's work, which circulated widely, contains most of the early German anecdotes about Dracula and his cruelties. It may have inspired the work of the archbishop of Prague, Ian of Puchov, first published in Czech in 1554.

Pall, F. "Notes du pelerin William Wey a propos des operations militaires des Turcs en 1462," Revue Historique du Sud-Est Europeen, vol. 22 (1945), pp. 246-66. 

Firsthand account of an English pilgrim returning from the Holy Land and reporting a Dracula victory over the Turks.

Pius II (Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini), The Commentaries of Pius II, ed. Leona C. Gabel, trans. Florence A. Gragg, Smith College Studies in History, vols. 22, 25, 30, 35, 43 (Northhampton, Massachusetts:  1957), 43:  737-740.  (An abbreviated version, published by Capricorn Books in 1962 under the title Memoirs of a Renaissance Pope; the Commentaries of Pius II: An Abridgment, does not contain the passage on Vlad Tepes.) 

One of only several papal autobiographies, The Commentaries include references to Dracula which were obtained secondhand by this remarkable pope who displayed an enormous interest in the history of his times and proved to be one of the finest historians of the fifteenth century.

Pius II, De Bello Turcorum et Hungarorum, (Cologne, 1472). 
 
 
 

Tappe, Eric, Documents Concerning Romanian History, 1427-1601; Collected from the British Archives, (The Hague, 1964). 

Contains the letter of the English pilgrim William of Wey which reports a Dracula victory over the Turks in 1462.

Thuroczy, 1. Der Hungern Chronica inhallend wie sie anfengklich ins land kommen ... von ihrem ersten Konig Athila, (Nurnberg, 1534).  See also the Latin translation by I.G. Schwandter entitled Chronica Hungarorum aborigine gentis, (Vienna, 1746). 

This is the oldest Hungarian chronicle referring to the early portion of Dracula's career--the period of his youth during the rule of John Hunyadi and Vlad Dracul.  Undoubtedly subsequent chroniclers, such as Dlugosz and Bonfini, drew on this work for information about Dracul.

Wey, William, The Itineraries of Wey, (London, 1857). 
 
 
 

Bentley, Juliette, "Vlad Voivode Dracula," Supernatural, no. 2 (Bournemouth, 1969). 

An  attempt to link the historical Dracula to Stoker's vampire; characterized by McNally and Florescu as "unscholarly" and "superficial".

Bogdan, Ioan, Vlad Tepes si naratiunile germane si rusesti asupra lui (Bucharest, 1960). 
 

Cazacu, Matei.  "La Valachie et la bataille de Kossovo, " Revue des Etudes Sud-Est Europeennes, vol. 9 (1971), pp. 131-51. 

Useful for establishing the chronology of Dracula's first reign (1448), which the author arrived at on the basis of novel documentation.

Conduratu, Grigore C. Michael Beheim's Gedicht uber den Woiwoden Wlad II Drakul mit historischen und kritischen Erlauterungen, (Leipzig-Bucharest, 1903). 

A scholarly analysis of the work of the troubadour Michel Beheim; places the song in its historic context.

Czabai, Stephen.  "The Real Dracula," The Hungarian Quarterly, (Autumn 1941), pp. 327-32. 

Characterized by McNally and Florescu as "tendentious and without historical value."

Degaudenzi, J.L. "Mythe et realite: le veritable Dracula," Midi-Minuit, no. 22, (Paris, 1971). 

A highly fantasized and in part inaccurate interpretation but based on some original research.

Giurescu, Constantin C. Transylvania in the History of Romania-An Historical Outline, (London, 1969). 

The best general synthesis in English; written by one of Romania's leading historians.

Giurescu, Constantin C. The Life and Deeds of Vlad the Impaler. Dracula. New York: Romanian Library, 1969. 
 
 

Halecki, Oscar.  The Crusade at Varna-A Discussion of a Controversial Problem, (New York, 1943). 

Of interest in accounting for the Dracul-Hunyadi feud, which led to Dracul's murder in 1447.

Heiman, Leo, "Meet the Real Count Dracula," Fate, (March 1968), pp. 53-60. 

The work is written by "Count" Alexander Cepesi, who has operated a small blood bank in Istanbul since 1947 and who claims to be a descendant of the historical Dracula.

Hirn, Joseph.  Erzherzog Ferdinand II von Tirol, 2 vols., (Innsbruck, 1885), 

Standard biography of Archduke Ferdinand of Hapsburg  in whose gallery at Castle Ambras Dracula's portrait is to be found.

Iorga, Nicolae, Les aventures "sarasines " des francais de Bourgogne au XIieme siecle,  Melanges d'histoire generale, (Clug, 1927). 

Commentary on the narration of the Burgundian De Wavrin, who participated in crusades against the Turks.

-----Histoire des roumains et de la romanite orientale, Les chevaliers, vol. 4, (Bucharest, 1937). 

Contains an interpretation of Dracula's reign by Romania's leading historian.

Kirtley, B.,  "Dracula, the Monastic Chronicles and Slavic Folklore," Mid-West Folklore, vol. 6 (1956), no. 3. 

Three-page speculative treatment of the Slavic Dracula manuscript characterized by McNally and Florescu as "superficial".

Kittenberg, Hubert.  Schloss Ambras bei Innsbruck, (Innsbruck, 1949). 

Useful guidebook to Castle Ambras collection.

Karadja, C.I., ed.,  "Die Altesten Gedruckten Quellen zur Geschichte der Rumanen, " Gutenburg Jahrbuch, (Mainz, 1934), pp. 114-46. 

Compilation of the few German Dracula pamphlets known at that time by Karadja, who was a pioneer hunter of Dracula memorabilia. (Most of his collection is now at the Central State Library in Bucharest.)

Lurie, I. S, Povesti o Dracule, (Moscow, Leningrad, 1964). 

The most substantial and scholarly study of the origins of the Dracula narratives, but has not been entirely accepted by Romanian Slavicists and Germanists.  Reproduces hitherto unknown Dracula pamphlet printed in Leipzig in 1493.

Raymond T. McNally and Radu Florescu, In Search of Dracula: a true history of Dracula and vampire legends  (New York:  Galahad Books, 1972). 

The best introduction to the "historical Dracula" and what might be called "the Dracula Question", to whit how and to what extent did Bram Stoker know of the fifteenth century prince when he composed his classic novel.  The book has the added value of usually being in print in a not overly expensive edition, thus making it relatively easily obtainable.

Florescu, Radu, and Raymond T. McNally. Dracula: A Biography of Vlad the Impaler, 1431-1476.  (New York: Hawthorne Books, 1973). 

_________. Dracula: Prince of Many Faces; His Life and His Times. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989, 261 pp. 
 
 

McNally, Raymond T., and Radu Florescu. In Search of Dracula: The History of Dracula and Vampires Completely Revised.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994, 297 pp. 
 
 

Nandris, Grigore,  "A Philological Analysis of Dracula and Rumanian Placenames and Masculine Personal names in a/ea," Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 37 (1959), pp. 371-77. 

-----"The Dracula Theme in the European Literature of the West and of the East," Literary History and Literary Criticism.  Edited by Leon Edel.  New York, 1965. 

-----"The Historical Dracula, " essentially the same theme, in Comparative Literature: Matter and Method, (Urbana:  University of Illinois Press, 1969.) 

A scholarly study of the German and Slavic texts.

Pall, F. "Notes du pelerin William Wey a propos des operations militaires des Turcs en 1462, Revue Histotique du Sud-Est Europeen, vol. 22 (1945), pp. 246-66. 

Firsthand account of an English pilgrim returning from the Holy Land and reporting a Dracula victory over the Turks.

Rosetti, Dinu.  "Les Fouilles de Snagov," Sapaturile arheologice de la Snagov, (Bucharest, 1935). 

Summary of the main findings of the 1931 archaeological excavations at Snagov, including reputed site of Dracula's tomb.

Sauter, Lilly V, "Ein Schloss in Tirol," Du Atlantis, April 1966, pp. 237-69. 

Scholarly article in popular magazine on the collection at Ambras castle; written by the current curator.

Seton-Watson, R.W.,  A History of the Rumanians, (Cambridge, 1934). 

Still the best general synthesis of Romanian history by an English scholar.  Interprets Dracula's reign rather severely.

Stoicescu, Nicolae. Vlad the Impaler. Translated by Cristina Krikorian. Bucharest: Romanian Academy, 1978. 
 
 

Striedter, J. "Die Erzahlung vom walachischen vojevoden Drakula in der russischen und deutschen Uberlieferung," Zeitschrift fur Slawische Philologie, vol. 29 (Heidelberg, 1961-62), pp. 398-427. 

A comparative analysis of Russian and German Dracula narratives to be read in conjunction with that by Nandris.

Schwob, Monika Ute,  Kulturelle Beziehungen zwischen Nuremberg und the Deutschen im Sudosten im 14 bis 16 Jahrhundert, (Munich, 1969). 

A general monograph on German cultural contacts with Southeastern Europe containing a reference to a  Dracula pamphlet printed in Nuremberg.  In appendix, see rare impalement frontispiece dated 1499.